LECTURE 14
Члены организации
По состоянию на май 2009 года членами ЦЕАСТ являются: Албания, Босния и Герцеговина, Хорватия, Македония, Молдавия, Сербия, Косово и Черногория.
Ранее в организацию входили: Болгария, Чехия, Венгрия, Польша, Румыния, Словакия и Словения. Они упразднили свой статус, вступив в ЕС.
| Страны-участницы | присоединились | вышли | |
| Польша | |||
| Венгрия | |||
| Чехословакия | Чехия | ||
| Словакия | |||
| Словения | |||
| Румыния | |||
| Болгария | |||
| Хорватия | — | ||
| Македония | — | ||
| Албания | — | ||
| Босния и Герцеговина | — | ||
| Молдавия | — | ||
| Черногория | — | ||
| Сербия | — | ||
| Республика Косово | — |
LOOKING BACK IN ANGER (1956 – 1996)
14.1. Распад колониальной системы и антиколониальная тема в литературе Великобритании. Творчество Грэма Грина. Роман приключений и детективный роман, насыщенный политическим содержанием («Тихий американец», «Комедианты»).
14.1.1. As is known, the postwar years saw the end of the British colonial empire. Many newly independent countries emerged. For instance, the national liberation movement led by Mohandas Gandhi who spent his life campaigning for human rights in India, led to the withdrawal of the British. Another major crisis for the empire occurred in Egypt, where British domination of the Suez Canal sustained Britain’s role as a world trader. In 1956 Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the canal. Britain, with military assistance from France and Israel, attempted to retake the canal but failed. The Suez crisis saw Britain lose all of its influence in the region and raised at home the idea that Britain was no longer a great power. This idea penetrated the works of many writers of the postwar generation. In various ways, their works reflect this idea.
14.1.2.One of the leading writers of postwar Britain is Graham Greene (1904-1991).His works are characterized by vivid detail, a variety of settings (Mexico, Africa, Haiti, Vietnam), and a detached objective portrayal of characters under various forms of social, political, or psychological stress. Greene was chiefly concerned with spiritual struggle in a deteriorating world. In later novels, a dimension of moral doubt and conflict add to the terror and suspense.
In his twenties, Greene worked for the London Times from and then became a free-lance writer. During World War II he worked for the British Foreign Office in western Africa and later he traveled widely. He began his career with a spy thriller Stamboul Train. Such novels Greene categorized as “entertainments.”
Later Greene began to produce the type of book that he specifically labeled as “novels.” These writings are seriously concerned with the moral, social, and religious problems of the time. Greene himself had been converted to Roman Catholicism in 1926. The “novels” include The Heart of the Matter (1948), The Quiet American (1955), Our Man in Havana (1958), The Comedians (1966).
Curiously, The Quiet American carries two epigraphs. One of them is from Byron. It somehow gets across the message of the author very well, for it contains several important ideas that are recurrent themes in the book.
This is the patent age of new inventions
For killing bodies, and for saving souls,
All propagated with the best intentions.
14.2. Сатирические и философские аспекты творчества Джорджа Оруэлла: политическая аллегория («Скотный двор») и антиутопия («1984»). Притчи Уильяма Голдинга; антифашизм писателя, реальные стимулы мрачных картин деградации («Повелитель мух»). Творчество Энтони Берджесса.
14.2.1.The international politics of the period features prominently in the works of oneGeorge Orwell (1903-1950). His brilliant reporting and political conscience fashioned an impassioned picture of his life and times. He was born Eric Arthur Blairin India, and was educated in England at Eton College. He served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then returned to England. In poor health, and striving to become a writer, he lived for several years in poverty, first in Paris and then in London. Out of this experience came his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), an account of the sordid conditions of the homeless poor. Burmese Days (1934), an indictment of imperialism, is also largely autobiogra-phical. Orwell joined the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. The description of his experiences forms one of the most moving accounts of this war ever written.
When Orwell resigned from his position in Burma, he resolved to speak out against the domination of any person over another. His condemnation of totalitarian society is expressed in the brilliantly witty allegorical fable Animal Farm (1945) and in the satirical novel Nineteen Eighty-four (1949). The latter presents a terrifying picture of life under the constant surveillance of “Big Brother.”
It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him.
The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. At one end of it a coloured poster, too large for indoor display, had been tacked to the wall. It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features. Winston made for the stairs. It was no use trying the lift. Even at the best of times it was seldom working, and at present the electric current was cut off during daylight hours.
It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week. The flat was seven flights up, and Winston, who was thirty-nine and had a varicose ulcer above his right ankle, went slowly, resting several times on the way. On each landing, opposite the lift-shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran.
14.2.2.Another important writer isWilliam Golding (1911-1993), British novelist, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983. He was educated at the University of Oxford, where he studied English literature. Golding spent a short time working in the theater as a writer and actor. He then trained to be a teacher, a profession he left during World War II, when he served in the Royal Navy.
After the war Golding returned to writing. His first novel, Lord of the Flies (1954), was extremely successful and is considered one of the great works of 20th-century literature. Based on Golding's own wartime experiences, it is the story of a group of schoolboys marooned on a desert island after a plane crash. An allegory of the intrinsic corruption of human nature, it chronicles the boys' descent from a state of relative innocence to one of revengeful barbarism. After Lord of the Flies he wrote several novels with similar themes of good and evil in human nature. Much of Golding's writing explores moral dilemmas and human reactions in extreme situations.
He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood; and not yet old enough for adolescence to have made him awkward. You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil. He patted the palm trunk softly, and, forced at last to believe in the reality of the island, laughed delightedly again and stood on his head. He turned neatly on to his feet, jumped down to the beach, knelt and swept a double armful of sand into a pile against his chest. Then he sat back and looked at the water with bright, excited eyes.
"Ralph –"
The fat boy lowered himself over the terrace and sat down carefully, using the edge as a seat.
"I'm sorry I been such a time. Them fruit –"
He wiped his glasses and adjusted them on his button nose. The frame had made a deep, pink "V" on the bridge. He looked critically at Ralph's golden body and then down at his own clothes. He laid a hand on the end of a zipper.
"My auntie –"
Then he opened the zipper with decision and pulled the whole wind-breaker over his head.
"There!"
Ralph looked at him sidelong and said nothing.
"I expect we'll want to know all their names," said the fat boy, "and make a list. We ought to have a meeting."
Ralph did not take the hint so the fat boy was forced to continue.
"I don't care what they call me," he said confidentially, "so long as they don't call me what they used to call me at school.'
Ralph was faintly interested.
"What was that?"
The fat boy glanced over his shoulder, then leaned toward Ralph. He whispered. "They used to call me 'Piggy.' "
14.2.3.The British novelist and critic, best known for his controversial novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), is Anthony Burgess(1917-1993). He was born in Manchester and was educated at the University of Manchester. He served in the army and then became a lecturer at Birmingham University. He was appointed education officer in the Colonial Service and was based in Borneo and Malaya. During his time abroad Burgess wrote his first three novels published together as The Malayan Trilogy in 1972.
Burgess's novel A Clockwork Orange earned him enormous publicity. The novel is set in a violent future in which gangs of adolescents terrorize society. For the characters in his book, he invented a language composed of a combination of words from English and American slang and the Russian language. Burgess's competence in that language really helped.
The work gained a cult following after the release in 1971 of the motion-picture version by American director Stanley Kubrick. Burgess's later prolific literary output during is characterized by skillful verbal inventiveness and pointed social satire Burgess's works of literary criticism include studies of Irish writer James Joyce and biographies of English writer D. H. Lawrence and American writer Ernest Hemingway.
'We haven't a telephone,' said this devotchka. 'I'm sorry, but we haven't. You'll have to go somewhere else.' From inside this malenky cottage I could slooshy the clack clack dacky clack clack clackity clackclack of some veck typing away, and then the typing stopped and there was this chelloveck's goloss calling: 'What is it, dear?'
'Well’ I said, 'could you of your goodness please let him have a cup of water? It's like a faint, you see. It seems as though he's passed out in a sort of a fainting fit.'
The devotchka sort of hesitated and then said: 'Wait.' Then she went off, and my three droogs had got out of the auto quiet and crept up horrorshow stealthy, putting their maskies on now, then I put mine on, then it was only a matter of me putting in the old rooker and undoing the chain, me having softened up this devotchka with my gent's goloss, so that she hadn't shut the door like she should have done, us being strangers of the night. The four of us then went roaring in, old Dim playing the shoot as usual with his jumping up and down and singing out dirty slovos, and it was a nice malenky cottage, I'll say that. We all went smecking into the room with a light on, and there was this devotchka sort of cowering, a young pretty bit of sharp with real horrorshow groodies on her, and with her was this chelloveck who was her moodge, youngish too with horn-rimmed otchkies on him, and on a table was a typewriter and all papers scattered everywhere, but there was one little pile of paper like that must have been what he'd already typed, so here was anothec intelligent type bookman type like that we'd fillied with some hours back, but this one was a writer not a reader.
14.3. Литература “рассерженных молодых людей”. Значение пьесы Джона Осборна «Оглянись во гневе», черты «потерянности» в позиции ее молодого героя.
14.3.1. The so-called angry young men of the 1950s and 1960s is perhaps the only clearly definable school of writers in English fiction since the time of the post-World War II. This group, which included the novelists Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine, and Alan Sillitoe, as well as the dramatist John Osborne, attacked outmoded social values left over from the prewar world.
John Osborne(1929-1994) is a British playwright and motion picture screenwriter, known for his sharp criticism of modern British life. In a productive life of more than 40 years, Osborne explored many themes and genres, writing for stage, film and TV. His personal life was extravagant and iconoclastic. He was notorious for the ornate violence of his language, not only on behalf of the political causes he supported but also against his own family, including his wives and children though they often gave as good as they got.
Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956), about rebellion against traditional mores, is regarded as a landmark in British drama and made its author famous as the first of “the angry young men”. The stunning success of his play transformed English theatre. Osborne came onto the theatrical scene at a time when British acting was enjoying a golden age, but most great plays came from other countries. British plays remained blind to the complexities of the postwar period. Osborne was one of the first writers to address Britain's purpose in the post-imperial age. He was the first to question the point of the monarchy on a prominent public stage. During his peak (1956-1966), he helped make contempt an acceptable onstage emotion, argued for the cleansing wisdom of bad behavior and bad taste, and combined unsparing truthfulness with devastating wit.
14.3.2. Kingsley Amis (1922-1995) is a British novelist, whose works take a humorous yet highly critical look at British society, especially of the period following the end of World War II. After the war Amis became a college teacher. Amis's first novel, Lucky Jim (1954), is a bitingly satirical story of an unheroic young college instructor. The book influenced a number of British playwrights and novelists, including John Osborne and Alan Sillitoe, who were known as the angry young men because of their rebellious and critical attitude toward postwar British society. In his later novels Amis further explored his disillusionment. Amis also wrote poetry, criticism, and short stories.
Alan Sillitoe(1928- )is a British novelist and poet, best known for his first novel, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958), which is the story of a young factory worker in post-World War II Britain. Born in Nottingham, Sillitoe left school to work in a bicycle factory at the age of 14. The hero of his successful first novel, Arthur Seaton, is impatient with society and disaffected with middle-class values. The same feeling motivates the working-class characters who feel outcast from the larger society in Sillitoe's short stories.
14.4. Творчество Мьюриэл Спарк, Айрис Мэрдок и Дорис Лессинг. Произведения Джона Фаулза и Роалда Дала.
14.4.1. Roald Dahl(1916-1990) is a British writer, a popular author of ingenious, irreverent children's books and of adult horror stories. Following his graduation from a renowned British public school, Dahl avoided a university education and joined an expedition to Newfoundland, Can. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force (RAF) when World War II broke out. Flying as a fighter pilot, he was seriously injured in a crash landing in Libya. Dahl's first book, The Gremlins (1943), was written for Walt Disney and later became a popular movie. He achieved best-seller status with Someone like You (1953), a collection of stories for adults. His children's book James and the Giant Peach (1961), written for his own children, was a popular success, as was Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964).
14.2.2. Muriel Spark(1918-2005) is a Scottish-born writer. Her novels are wryly satiric commentaries on modern life observed in various locales. Her best-known novel, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961), about an eccentric Edinburgh schoolteacher who is seen through the eyes of an admiring (but later disenchanted) pupil, was successfully adapted for stage and film. Spark has also written short stories, poetry and literary criticism.
14.4.3. Iris Murdoch(1919-1999) is a British writer and philosopher. In 1948 she was appointed a fellow and tutor in philosophy at Oxford. Murdoch’s first published book is a study of French existentialism. Murdoch began a career as a successful writer of fiction with Under the Net (1954). Her style is complex, combining naturalism and the macabre, the familiar and the magical. Regarded as a master stylist, she presents in her fiction a cast of characters who struggle with the discovery that they are not truly free but are fettered by themselves, society, and natural forces.
14.4.4. Doris Lessing(1919 -)is aBritish novelist and short-story writer, whose interest in psychology led her to fictional explorations of madness and self-analysis. Much of her work is concerned with the everyday and inner lives of perceptive, sensitive women. Lessing was born in Persia (now Iran) and raised in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). She moved to England in 1949. Notable example of her work is The Golden Notebook (1962), her most famous novel. The Golden Notebook became a classic of feminist literature because of its experimental style and explorations of self, creativity, and feminine identity. A prolific author, Lessing has written many other novels, including Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971), The Summer Before the Dark (1973), The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980), Love, Again (1996). She also produced several volumes of short stories. In 2008, Lessing was awarded theNobel Prize for literature.
14.4.5. John Fowles(1926-2005)is a British novelist, author of allusive, archetypal stories that address the collision between individual psychology and social convention. Fowles studied French at the University of Oxford. After serving in the Royal Marines from 1945 to 1946, he taught at schools in France, Greece, and London. Three of his novels became bestsellers and were made into motion pictures: The Collector (1963; film, 1965), about a pathological clerk who kidnaps an attractive girl; The Magus (1965; film, 1968), about a young English teacher lured into a series of sinister magical illusions on a Greek island; and The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969; film, 1981), a love story with a fractured narrative structure. A constant theme in Fowles's work is the issue of free choice, which sometimes involves the reader; The French Lieutenant's Woman, for instance, has two endings. He has also written a volume of short stories — The Ebony Tower (1974), which shows the influence of medieval romance.
14.4.6. One of today's very prolific novelists is Jeffrey Archer (1940 –). He was a Member of Parliament and Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party, and became a life peer in 1992. His political career, having suffered from several controversies, finally ended with his brief imprisonment. Outside politics, he is a prolific novelist and short story writer.
For instance,A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel, first published in March 2008. The novel concerns Danny Cartwright the protagonist, who after proposing to his childhood sweet heart Beth Wilson takes her and her brother Bernie Wilson to celebrate at a nearby pub. In the pub they are instigated by a group of four persons into a fight. Even though they attempt to leave the pub without getting involved in a fracas, one of the persons, Spencer Craig, follows them out of the pub along with his friends.
In the resulting fight, Bernie is stabbed and dies. His murder is blamed on Danny in a well orchestrated move by Spencer and his friends, a popular actor, an aristocrat, and the youngest partner in an established firm's history, resulting in Danny's arrest and conviction. Sentenced to 22 years in Belmarsh prison, the highest security jail in South-east London, he encounters two prisoners. Albert Crann, known as "Big Al," and Sir Nicholas Moncrieff. Nicholas teaches Danny Cartwright how to read and write slowly. Their friendship grows ever closer until Danny decides to look like his friend in the hope that it will help his forthcoming appeal. Danny Cartwright begins to gather evidence for his appeal. Nicholas is murdered by a fellow inmate and his death is made to be seen as a suicide. The timely intervention of Big Al leads to the subsequent release of Cartwright. Cartwright, pretending to be Nicholas, must sort out his friend's family affairs before pursuing his own goal of clearing his name. A lengthy legal battle between himself and Nicholas' hated uncle Hugo leaves Danny Cartwright in the possession of over $50 million with which he plans to expose Spencer Craig and clear his own name so he might live with his new family. The rest of the story involves the path that Danny has to follow to prove his innocence. In this, this story is quite similar to Alexandre Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo, which this book and the protagonist references many times.