LECTURE 12

Решение

Решение

а)

.

б)

.

в)

Задача 6.4. Проинтегрировать

а) ; б) ; в) .

 

 

а) =

 

 

б)

 

 

в)

 

 

THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE, NOT OF THE LITERATURE (1876 – 1916)

12.1. Эпоха “тысячи течений” в английской литературе. Концепция трагического в романах Томаса Гарди, неприятие пуританской морали. Лирика Гарди. Социальная критика в трилогии Джона Голсуорси «Сага о Форсайтах».

 

To the opinion of the present writer, late Victorian literature is an amazing literary phenomenon. One might take the year 1891 as an example. That one year saw the publication of a great number of outstanding books – Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, The Light That Failed by Rudyard Kipling, The Quintessence of Ibsenism by George Bernard Shaw, News from Nowhere by William Morris, and a number of others. Each and every of those books represents a distinct school of writing – "dark" realism of Hardy, aesthetic writing of Wilde, new romanticism (and imperialism!) of Kipling, socialist writing of Morris, and what else. It was a time of "a thousand schools" in literature, indeed. This richness of ideas and concepts was produced by the development and diversification of the social structure.

 

12.1.1. The writer whose work is considered to be a bridge between the Victorian age and modern times is Thomas Hardy(1840-1928). Hardy's father, a stonemason, apprenticed him early to a local architect engaged in restoring old churches. In his early twenties, Hardy practiced architecture and was writing poetry. He then turned to novels as more salable.

Hardy published two early novels anonymously. The next two, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) and Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), in his own name, were well received. The novel is not invested with the tragic gloom of his later novels.

Along with Far from the Madding Crowd, Hardy's best novels are The Return of the Native, which is his most closely knit narrative; The Mayor of Casterbridge; Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure. All are pervaded by a belief in a universe dominated by the determinism of the biology of Charles Darwin and the physics of the 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton. Occasionally the determined fate of the individual is altered by chance, but the human will loses when it challenges necessity. Through intense, vivid descriptions of the heath, the fields, the seasons, and the weather, Wessex attains a physical presence in the novels and acts as a mirror of the psychological conditions and the fortunes of the characters.

In Victorian England, Hardy seemed a blasphemer, particularly in Jude, which treated sexual attraction as a natural force unopposable by human will. Criticism of Jude was so harsh that Hardy announced he was “cured” of writing novels.

At the age of 55 Hardy returned to writing poetry, a form he had previously abandoned. Hardy's techniques of rhythm and his diction are especially noteworthy. The poem below was written on the last day of the 19th century – at the very end of the Victorian period, virtually several days before Queen Victoria died in January 1901. It characterizes Hardy's vision of his time very well.

 

THE DARKLING THRUSH

I leant upon a coppice gate

When frost was spectre-gray,

And Winter’s dregs made desolate

The weakening eye of day.

The tangled bine-stems scored the sky

Like strings of broken lyres,

And all mankind that haunted nigh

Had sought their household fires.

The land’s sharp features seemed to be

The Century’s corpse outleant,

His crypt the cloudy canopy,

The wind his death-lament.

The ancient pulse of germ and birth

Was shrunken hard and dry,

And every spirit upon earth

Seemed fervourless as I.

At once a voice arose among

The bleak twigs overhead

In a full-hearted evensong

Of joy illimited;

An aged thrush, frail, gaunt and small,

In blast-beruffled plume,

Had chosen thus to fling his soul

Upon the growing gloom.

So little cause for carolings

Of such ecstatic sound

Was written on terrestrial things

Afar and nigh around,

That I could think there trembled through

His happy good-night air

Some blessed Hope, whereof he knew

And I was unaware.