Primary sentence parts.
According to form
Structural definition.
It is a group of syntactically related words that have one subject-predicate structure. Not all sentences have subject and predicate. Now linguists also single out a phonetic criterion of speech between two pauses that has intonation or finality. In order to determine all aspects of the sentence we should combine all above mentioned qualities and add one more this is decisive it is most important here. The sentence is a communicative syntactic unit and this differs the sentence from the word group. Being a communicative unit the sentence is divided into theme and rheme which is called actual devision of the sentence. The theme is the known information, the rheme is something new and as a rule it is at the end of sentence. Sentence are classified according to communicative purpose and according to structure.
Sentence:
1) declarative (повествовательное) affirmative and negative
2) interrogative
3) imperative
4)! Emphatic (!) как хорошо,что вы приехали
Sentence:
1) 1-member
2) 2-member
- simple:
Extended (i read books)
Unextended (i read)
- composite
compound
complex
Two-member sentences don't make any difficulty in the aspect of theory, but 1-member sentences are disputable. Some linguists (Barhudarov) deny their existence at all and they interpret each 1-member sentence as a 2 -member one, where one of the parts is omitted, as this part is called- zero member. But in fact this explanation is suitable not for all 1-member sentences but for some of them which got another name -elliptical sentences. It means that we know now to reconstruct the zero member. But in fact there are a lot of cases when such reconstruction is not possible and such short sentences are not reduced in structure. And their unusual form possesses strong stylistic effect. In such cases the sentence can not analyzed in terms of traditional sentence parts 1-member sentences are classified according to meaning and to form.
According to meaning they are divided into:
1)existential -denote the state of exisistence. e.g.Cold.Rain.
2)qualifine(emotional)-how nice, how awful.
3)imperative- come in!Why not do smth.Buy bread.
1)nominative- the noun is the head. (what nice weather)
2)adjectivile-how nice,how often.
3)verbal- come up to the blackboard
The subject is one of the two principle sentence parts, that helps to express the nominal component of predicativaty. Subjects are divided into personal, indefinite-personal,impersonal.
Personal subjects name objects or living beings. -A child can do it.
Indefinite-personal subjects are used in such pitiathon when the doer of the action exists but he or it is not named.-they say,he is gone.
Impersonal subjects are used only in analytical languages and they are not translated into Russian.-it is late.
The predicate it the recen principle sentence part which expresses the verbal component of predicativaty. It can an expressed not only by verbs but also by nominal parts of speech and more complicated constructions.
The predicate:
Simple
-verbal
-nonverbal
Compound
-verbal: modal; motive; aspect (to begin to stop)
-Nominal
-Complex
-phrasal
Simple -verbal. This predicate is expressed by one verb but it can be not only a synthetic but also some analytical form (is reading); this house is been built in our street.
Non-verbal is singled out by some linguists who speak about this type when the link verb in a compound nominal predicate is omitted. -just think,he a teacher. Fler not in.
Compound verbal-consists of 2 verbs and the first of them case be different. In modal predicates the first verb is either a modal verb or its equivallent (can read, must do)
in the aspect type the first verb denotes beginning, continuation or end of the action. (begin to read, stop doing smth.)
compound nominal has some link verb and a predicative expressed by different parts of speech.
Compound complex predicate- can be compared to the nominal type, because it also has a link, but its predicative is expressed not by one word, but by some complex construction based of secondary predication.-it is for him to go.
Phrasalinclude different types of ideomatic constructions.- he gave me an angry look.
35) secondary sentence parts