Decide whether the following sentences are false or true according to the text.

1) Three types of conduits are used to convey water.

2) The problems of canal location are different to highway location.

3) The soil in which the canal is constructed is often watertight.

4) Sometimes it may be economical to line a canal in order to reduce water seepage.

5) The distance from the intake to the canal should be wide enough to permit smooth flow.

6) An outlet is designed to dissipate excessive kinetic energy.

7) The entire structure in the chute is seldom concrete-lined.

8) The main purpose of the check is to lower the upstream water level to permit water diversion.

9) Settling basins are sometimes constructed just above to the point of water diversion.

10) A flume is supported aboveground.

11) The most permanent type of flume is a concrete flume.

12) It is cheaper to convey water by flume or canal than by tunnel.

Answer the following questions.

1) What types of conduits are used to convey water?

2) What forms may the open channel take?

3) Open channels are characterized by a free water surface, aren’t they?

4) Why is the problem of canal location more difficult then the problem of highway location?

5) Why are canals lined?

6) What types of lining are used to reduce seepage losses from canals?

7) What appurtenances are necessary for the proper operation of canals?

8) What helps to regulate flow in the canal and to distribute water?

9) Where are flumes used to convey water?

10) Can wooden flumes be of rectangular, triangular and semicircular cross sections?

11) What types of wood is used in timber flumes?

12) Semicircular steel flumes are widely used, aren’t they?

13) Will the useful life of a well-maintained steel flume range from 15 to 50 years?

14) What is the disadvantage of concrete flumes?

15) Why are flumes and canals sometimes covered?

16) Is it always cheaper to convey water by tunnel than by flume or canal?

17) Are tunnels made use of horseshoe or circular section?

18) What may be used to prevent collapse of a tunnel if the tunnel material is unstable?

19) What tunnels need not be lined?

20) Do tunnels act as open channel when they are full of water?