Read the text again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about intakes.

1) Intake structures (definition, functions).

2) Types of intakes.

3) Types of gates and valves used at the entrance of intakes and sluiceways.

4) Hydraulic jump.

UNIT VII TYPES OF CONDUITS

 

Complete the sentences with the words from the list below.

cracking cast protective paint

to reduce fish screens tunnel

evaporation collapse pollution

the pressure conduit the channel bottom lining

1) Two types of conduits are used to convey water, the open channel and ______.

2) Excessive slope may result in erosion of ______.

3) It may be economical to line a canal in order ______ water seepage.

4) Various types of ______ are used to reduce seepage losses from canals.

5) ______ are often provided at the intakes.

6) A culvert or _______ may be used to carry water through the obstruction.

7) All metal should be galvanized or covered with a suitable _______.

8) Care must be taken to avoid _______.

9) Large flumes are usually _______ in place with concrete piers.

10) Flumes and canals are sometimes covered to minimize _______, _______ and freezing.

11) If the tunnel material is unstable, a concrete or steel liner may be used to prevent _______.