САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА №1

Тема: Переклад та переказ газетної статті: «Англійська мова у ХХІ столітті»

“English in the 21st century”

Завдання до самостійної роботи:

I. Вивчити слова та словосполучення до статті:


transition [trasn'zi∫n] перехід; перехідний період

competitive [kam 'petativ] конкуруючий,

availability [ə.veilə'bilti] корисність

threat [θret] загроза

penetration [.pene'trei∫n] проникнення

billion [ 'biljan] більйон; мільярд

competence ['kompitens] вміння; компетентність

mail [meil] почтова кореспонденція

retrieval [ri'tri:vl] пошук

store [sto:] зберігати

exceed [ik'si:d] перевищувати

genre ['Зonrə] жанр

obscure [əb'skjuə] невідомий

encompass [in'kΛmpəs] охоплювати

alert [ə'l3:t] привертати увагу

findings [faindiŋz] отримані данні

executives [ig'zekjutivz] представники ділових кол

entrepreneur [.оntəprə`nз:] підприємець

negotiate [ni .gəu∫ieit] вести переговори

acceptability [ək,septə 'biləti] прийнятність

overall [.əuvə`ro:l] всезагальний; повний

border [bo:də] кордон

redefine [,ri:di'fain] заново визначати

mediated [`mi:dieitid] опосередкований

gap [gǽp] пролом

fairly ['feəli] досить, у певній мірі

cognates ['kogneits] слова спільного походження

borrow ['borəu] позичати

Hebrew ['hi:bru:] іврит

guard [ga:d] оберігати

purity ['pjuərəti] чистота

diversity [dai 'v3:səti] різноманіття

unity [ju:nəti] єдність

core [ko:] ядро

inject [in'dЗekt] вводити

unpredictable [.Λnpri'diktəbl] не прогнозований

precedent ['presidənt] прецедент

genuine ['dЗenjuin] істиний, дійсний

pattern [pǽtn] модель

supra- ['su:prə] зверх -, понад -

exert pressure [ig`zз:t] спричиняти тиск

decline [di'klain] погіршуватися

vehicle [vi:ikl] засіб

lingua franca [.liŋgwə'frǽŋkə] - змішана мова

oligopoly [o'ligəupəuli] олігополія

shift [∫ift] зміна

allegiance [ə'lidЗəns] лояльність

substantial [səb'stǽn∫l] значний

occur [ə'kз:] відбувається

community [kə'mju:nəti] спілка, співтовариство

supplement ['sΛplimənt] доповнювати

boundary ['baundəri] кордон/межа

tool [tu:l] знаряддя

expand [iks'pǽnd] розкривати

 


II. Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть 3(Worldwide…), 5(When Mexican…), 9(English, like many languages…) абзаци українською мовою.

“English in the 21st century”

1. The world is in various stages of social, economic, and demographic transition. Economically and politi­cally, the world has changed more rapidly in the past few years than at any time since 1945. The emerging global economy is both competitive and interdependent. It reflects the availability of modern communications and production technologies in most parts of the world. So, do we need to be concerned about the future of the English language in the 21st century? English continues to be the world standard language, and there is no major threat to the language or to its global popularity. But, changes are coming.

Spread of English

2. The global spread of English over the last 40 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the in­creasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.

3. Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the worlds population speaks English with some degree of competence. And one in five — over one billion people is learning Eng­lish. Over 70% of the world's scientists read English. About 85% of the world's mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems is stored in English.

4. English is used for more purposes than ever before. Vo­cabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and sci­entific developments, economics and management, literature and so on. What began some 1.500 years ago as a rude language, originally spoken by obscure Germanic tribes who invaded England, now encompasses the globe.

5. When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When Ger­man physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their find­ings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs, they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use lyrics or phrases in English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English.

6. Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and com­merce; the ability to incorporate vocabulary from other lan­guages; and the acceptability of various English dialects.

7. In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the be­ginning of overall linguistic dominance, first in Europe and then globally.

8. Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economics from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed word, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-mediated communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It en­courages more informal conversational language, and has resulted in Internet English replacing the authority of lan­guage institutes and practices.

9. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic syntax. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is foreign. Therefore, it has cognates from virtually every language in Europe and has borrowed words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Ur­du and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteris­tic makes it unique in history.

10. Finally, no English language central authority guards the purity of the language, therefore, many dialects have de­veloped: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Austral­ian, to name a few. There is no standard pronunciation. But within this diversity is a unity of grammar and one set of core vocabulary. Thus, each country that speaks the lan­guage can inject aspects of its own culture into the usage and vocabulary.

11. However, the future is unpredictable, as there are no precedents to help us predict what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status.

Conclusion

12. English has been an international language for only 60 years. If the pattern follows the previous language trends, we still have about 100 years before a hew language domi­nates the world. However, this does not mean that English is replacing or will replace other languages as many fear. In­stead, it may supplement or co-exist with languages by al­lowing strangers to communicate across linguistic bounda­ries. It may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.

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III. Зверніть увагу на твердження, якщо твердження вірне, поставте «+», якщо помилкове «–», якщо мова про це не йшла «0»

1. English is used in medicine.

2. Over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English is official language.

3. It is normal that English is studied in schools and universities.

4. French replaced German after World War II in science.

5. When Japanese executive conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs. They negotiate in English.

6. English has large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is native.

7. There is no standard pronunciation in English.

8. The world is only in one stage of economic transition.

9. English continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali.

10. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and basic syntax.

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- Питання для самоконтролю:

1. What is the global spread of English determined by?

2. What is the number of people who live in countries, where English has official status?

3. When did the development of English start?

4. Why is English so popular in the world?

5. What are three factors of English language spread?

6. From what language does English continue to borrow the words?

7. What are dialects of English ?

Peкомендована література:

B.К Мюллер. Англо-русский словарь.М.: -Юнвес.-2004-768 с.

Ямпольский Л.С.,Ятель Г. П .Учебник английского языка.- Львов :Вища школа, 1981.-328 .

Дидактичне забезпечення : текст статті, словники.