THE ROMANCE, THE FABLE AND THE FABLIAU

 

Romances.During the Anglo-Norman period feudal culture was at the height. Tales in verse lyric poems appeared praising the bravery and gallantry of noble knights, their heroic deeds and chivalrous attitude towards ladies. At first they were all in Norman-French. Many of stories came from old French sources, the language of which was a Romanic dialect, and for that reason these works were called “romances”. They were brought to England by medieval poets called “trouveres” (finders), who came from France with the Norman conquerors. Later in England such poets were called minstrels, and their art of composing romances and ballads and singing to the accompaniment of a lute was called the art of minstrelsy.

A number of romances were based on Celtic legends, especially those about King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. The heroes of these romances, unlike the characters of Church literature, were human beings who loved, hated and suffered. Their worship of fair ladies motivated the plots of the stories.

King Arthur, a historical character and the national hero of the Celts, was described as an ideal feudal king endowed with all the virtues of a the knights. They had their meetings at a round tables so that all should be equal.

In the 15^th century Sir Thomas Malory collected the Romances of King Arthur and arranged them in a series of stories in prose. They began with the birth of Arthur and how he became king, then related all the adventures of King Arthur and his noble knights and ended in the death of these knights and of Arthur himself.

The work was published in 1485 by Caxton, the first English printer, at Westminster (London), Under the title of “Sir Thomas Malory’s Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table”. The book hero. He possessed magical powers, and was helped by Merlin, the cunning wizard. Arthur was honest, and wise, and fair to all his vassals, was widely known as “Morte d’Arthur” (Old French for “Death of Arthur”).

This epic in twenty-one books reflects the evolution of feudal society, its ideals, beliefs and tragedies. In the “Death of Arthur” the author describes not only the end of hero’s life; the very title of the book implies that the epoch of knighthood, medieval chivalry and feudalism has come to an end.

Sir Thomas Malory’s “Morte d’Arthur” is the last work in English literature to depict dying feudalism.

The Fable and the Fabliau. In literature of the townsfolk we find the fable and the fabliau [‘fэbliou]. Fables were short stories with animals for characters and conveying a moral. Fabliaux were funny stories about cunning humbugs and the unfaithful wives of rich merchants. They were metrical tales (poems) brought from France. These stories were told in the dialects of Middle English. They were collected and written down much later. The literature of the town did not idealize characters as the romances did. The fabliaux show a practical attitude to life.