TRENDS IN THE MODERN MACHINE-BUILDING INDUSTRY
The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of “unmanned” industries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life if machines.
This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules on a large scale are well suited for “unmanned” industries.
Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a work piece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.
We also need machine that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel, machine-tool for electrophysical and electrochemical treatment of metals ,unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tools modules for flexible industries.
New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.
In the shortest time possible the engineers are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.
Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing machines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.
A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found.
First and foremost of them is the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy compounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tungsten and boron. Methods have been designed for reinforcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make them last several times longer.
Thus, it is not merely quantity engineers and scientists are after, rather it is a matter of major characteristics. In other words, this is a matter of quality, and not of the mere number of new machines, apparatuses and materials.
2. Translate the following sentences.
1. Much attention is being given at present to the modern equipment of research laboratories.
2. The idea of constructing a new auto plant was being widely discussed some years ago.
3. Much is being done to improve the conditions for research work.
4. Wide investigation is being carried on in the field of machine-building now.
5.Many old plants and shops are being expanded and reconstructed now.
3. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. The question about the new laboratory ( to discuss) at a special meeting yesterday at 6 p.m. 2. Different types of cars and lorries ( to produce) in our country now.
3. This plant ( to achieve) great results in producing fuel equipment years ago. 4. Many new service centers ( to build) in our country now. %. The work still ( to finish). 6. My friend ( to work) at a new design of this forging when I came to his laboratory a week ago. 7. Different body fixtures ( to test) in this laboratory. 8. This matter ( to speak about) now. 9. What you ( to do) when I came in? – I ( to read ) an article on internal combustion engineers. 10. The scale of producing a new car ( to increase) with every passing year.
4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb forms.
1. All means of production have been recently modernized in this field. 2. Sixteen specialized plants including the first section of a plant in Cheboksary for the manufacture of heavy-duty tractors for melioration and construction work had been put into operation by the end of 1975. 3. The development in all fields of science and technology has always been marked by a desire to advance man’s potentialities in all direction. 4. Of late great attention has been paid to have materials whose properties can be changed and controlled. 5. Every tool, machine and material used by the engineer to accomplish his purpose stems directly from machine-tools or has been evolved from machine which themselves were produced by machine-tools. 6. All these components have been developed into a complicated mechanism, detailed drawings have been made of all component parts.
5. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. Our plant ( to rerquip ) recently with every facility for body work including colg stamping of the main body components. 2. New machines ( to design ) nowadays to deal with new problems which continually arise in modern industry. 3/ More than half a century ago progress ( to make ) in technical re-equipment of automobile transport. 5/ This new model ( to produce ) by the Volzhsky Car Works in Togliatti. 6. An all-plastic car ( to exhibit ) lately; nearly the whole car except the engine and transmission is of plastics or reinforced plastics.
6. Answer the following questions.
1. Name the trends in modern machine-building. 2. What does automation include? 3. In what way can automation be achieved? 4. What is the role of new technologies? 5. Give some examples of advanced methods for increasing the service life of machine parts. 6.How can the process of designing be improved? 7. What is the main task of the engineers and scientists developing new machines and technologies?
Lecture 4. WAYS OF RENDERING THE PARTICIPLES
AND PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION