Intransitive (idiomatic)
that boy's acting up(= behaving badly)
all this doesn't add up(= make sense)
she's )ust blown in(= arrived unexpectedly)
prices bottomed out(= reached bottom)
my car's broken down(= it won't go)
the prisoners broke outof gaol (= escaped)
/'// call by/in/round tomorrow (= visit briefly)
please calm down(= don't panic)
sorry, I don't catch on(= understand)
cheer up* (= change your mood, be cheerful)
when do you clock in/out7(= start/finish)
how did that come about7(= happen)
prices have come down(= been reduced)
my plan came off(= succeeded)
the subject came upagain (= was mentioned)
you'd better cough up(= pay)
please don't cut in(= interrupt)
my engine's cut out(= stopped working)
the sound died away(= became fainter)
that custom has died out(= become extinct)
let's dress up(= put on best/fancy clothes)
/'// drop by/in on the way home (= visit you)
dad's just dropped off (= fallen asleep)
you should ease off(= work less hard)
where will we end up7(= finish our |ourney)
we fell about(= collapsed with laughter)
his argument fell down(= failed to convince)
the roof fell in(= collapsed)
Jim and his wife have fallen out(= quarrelled)
my plan fell through{= was unsuccessful)
you really get about/around(= travel)
don't you want to get ahead7(= succeed)
he got off(=wasn't punished)
we really get on(— have a good relationship)
its time you got up(= rase from bed)
/'// never give in{— surrender)
the bomb went off(= exploded)
what's going on7(= happening)
will this food go round7(= be enough)
he hung upon me (= put the phone down)
don't hold backnow (= hesitate)
it's hard to keep on(= continue)
/ can't keep up1(— stay at your level)
/ m going to knock off(= stop work)
/ wish you'd lay off(= stop being annoying)
please don't let on(= reveal the secret)
/ love to lie in(= stay in bed late)
I'd like to look on(= be a spectator)
look out1 (= take care1 i e danger)
things are looking up(= improving)
he took it and made off(= e g ran away)
he messes about(= acts in a lazy fashion)
mind out! (= be careful1 i e danger)
later, he opened up(= talked more freely)
come on, own up(= confess)
he passed away/on/overlast year (= died)
when I heard it, I passed out{= fainted)
your scheme didn t pay off(= succeed)
trade's picking up(= improving)
the car's playing up(= not working properly)
pull in here (= stop the car at the roadside)
you pulled upsuddenly (= used the brakes)
we'd better push on(= continue our journey)
I've got to ring off(= end the phone call)
our supplies have run out(= been used up)
we re selling up(= selling all we have)
winter has set in(= begun and will continue)
when do you set out7(= start your purney)
we all set to(= began working energetically)
I've settled down(= got used to a situation)
when will he settle up7(=pay his bills)
don t show off(= act boastfully)
he showed up at 1 (= arrived (probably) late)
shut up! (very informal) (= be quiet1)
the news has sunk in(= been understood)
slow down1 (= live less energetically)
speak out1 (= make your views public)
his work stands out(= is of high quality)
they are staying out(= remaining on strike)
did you stay upall night7 (= not go to bed)
who heard them steal away7(= leave quietly)
you'd better step inand help (= intervene)
/ ve switched off(= I m not listening)
did the plane take off7(= leave the ground)
when did the plane touch down7(= land)
/ m going to turn in(= go to bed)
how did things turn out7(= finish)
look who's turned up(= suddenly appeared)
don't wait up for me {= not go to bed)
don't walk out(= stop work because of dispute)
who's going to wash up7(=wash the dishes)
watch out! (= be careful1 i e danger)
the pain's worn off(= disappeared)
the evening wore on(= passed slowly)
he can t wind down(= relax after effort)
how did your plan work out7(= develop)
Appendix 37 - 39
Appendix 37 [> 8 30 3]
Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition (idiomatic)
it backs on tothe railway (= overlooks) // boils down to this (= can be summarized as) he's broken out ina rash (i e on his skin) / must brush up onmy English {= improve) I'm bursting out ofmy clothes (= am too fat) cash in on the price-rise (= take advantage of) come across with the money (= provide it) it comes down tothis (= means this) his work has come in forcriticism (= received) can I come in onyour plan'' (= be included) the bill comes outat $ 100(i e as a total) he came up witha good idea (= produced) we cried out againstthe idea (= protested) he's crying out forhelp (= is in great need) they did away withthe bad law {= abolished) face up to it (= accept it with courage) we fell back onour savings (= had to use) / don't feel up toit (= feel capable of it) can you fillme in onthis? (= inform me) get away with it (= manage to deceive) he got back atme in the end (= retaliated) / got down to work (= began to tackle) /'// get on to him (= contact him) he's getting up tosomething ( = e g mischief) our house gives on tothe river (= overlooks) / won t go back onmy word(= fail to honour it) he's gone in forpainting (= started as hobby) can't go through withit (= finish difficult thing) he's grown out ofhis coat (= got too big for) he has it in forme (= is very hard on me) don't hold out onme (= keep secret from me) keep in with him (= stay on good terms) let me in onit (= let me share, e g the secret) / can't live up toit (= maintain high standard) he looks down onus (= considers us inferior) / look forward to i t ( = expect to enioy) look out for my book (= keep constant watch) she looks up toyou (= admires, respects) this won't make up forit (= compensate for) what do you putit down to7(= how explain7) put in for a rise (= make a formal request) who put you up tofhis7(= gave you the idea) / won't put up withit (= tolerate) read up on its history (= improve knowledge) his luck rubbed off onme (= benefited) we've run out ofrice (= used up all we had) she's run out onhim (= abandoned him) I'm running up againstproblems (= meeting) I've set up inbusiness (= started a business) he's shownme up asa liar (= revealed truth) speak up for him (= state your support) /'// stand in for you (= act in your place) stand up for your principles (= defend) don't start in onhim (= criticize him) stick out for more (= insist on receiving) we'll stick up foryou (= support you) don'r take it out on me(= treat me unfairly) /'// take the matter up withJim (= discuss it) she s taken up withJim (= become friendly) talk him out ofit (= persuade him not to do it) don't throwthat back atme (= remind me of) that ties innicely withmy plan (= fits)
Appendix 38[> 6.17,9.3 10.24,10.31,
12.3n5, 16.92, 16.45.1]
Some stative verbs
* = these have non-stative meanings/uses
38.1 Feelings, emotions ('I like', etc.):e g 'admire, adore, "(it) appeal to, "appreciate, (it) astonish, "(it) attract, believe in, care about "dare detest, dislike, doubt, envy, esteem, fear 'hate, "hope, "(it) impress, "(it) interest, 'like, 'love, 'mean, 'mind, (it) please, prize, 'regret, "respect, (can't) stand, "swear by, trust, "value
38.2 Thinking, believing ('I know', etc.):e g agree, 'appreciate, 'assume, believe, 'bet (informal), (can't) comprehend, (can't) conceive of 'consider, (can't) credit, disagree, disbelieve, 'estimate, 'expect, 'feel, figure (AmE), 'find, "gather, get it (= understand, informal), 'guess (AmE), "hear(= be told), hear about (= get to know), hear of (= know about), 'hope, "imagine (= think) know, 'presume (= suppose), "realize, 'recognize, 'recollect, "regard, 'see (= understand), "see through, "suppose, "suspect, "(can't) tell 'think (= believe), understand, "wonder
38.3 Wants and preferences (1 want', etc.):
desire, fancy, need, prefer, require, want, wish
38.4 Perception and the senses:e g
'catch (= understand), (can) 'distinguish, (can)
"hear, (can) make out, notice, "observe, perceive,
(can) 'see, (can) "smell, (can) 'taste
38.5 Being, seeming, having, owning, etc.:
add up (= make sense), (can) afford, 'appear (= seem), belong, belong to, "chance, come about, come from (your place of origin), comprise, (it) concern, consist of, constitute, contain, 'correspond to/with, 'cost, "count, "depend, deserve, differ from, equal, "exceed, excel in, "feel, 'fit, happen to, have/have got [> 10 27], "hold(= contain), "(it) include, "(it) involve, keep -ing, know sby, "lack, 'look (= appear), (it) matter, (it) mean, "measure merit 'number (= reach total), own, possess, "prove "(it) read, "represent, resemble, (it) result from, (it) say, seem, signify, "(it) smell (of), "(it) sound (= seem) "(it) stand for, (it) suit (= be suitable) "(it) taste (of), "tend 'weigh
Appendix 39[> 9.13-14,9.22,12.3n1 ] Some common regular verbs
Key bold= spelling change from base form
39.1 Pronounced /d / in the past:e g
'b' bribed, described, robbed, rubbed
'g' begged, dragged, plugged, tugged
'ng banged, belonged, longed
'nge' arranged, changed, exchanged
'dge' damaged, emerged, judged, managed
'I called, filled, pulled, smiled, travelled
'm assumed, claimed, combed
'n cleaned, explained, listened, opened
vowel + 'r' answered, appeared, dared
V arrived, lived, loved, moved, proved
'z accused, closed, excused, refused
Appendix 40
| creep cut deal dig dive do5 draw6 dream drink drive dwell eat8 fall9 feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget |
| crept cut dealt dug dived (dove AmE) did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove dwelt/dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot |
| 'th' bathed, lathed 'ay' delayed, obeyed, played, weighed 'ee' agreed, freed, guaranteed 'oy' annoyed, destroyed, employed, enjoyed 'cry' cried, denied, dried, fried, qualified, replied, satisfied, terrified, tried 'bury buried, carried, hurried, married, worried 'o/ow' borrowed, followed, showed, videoed 'ue' argued, continued, rescued, reviewed 39.2 Pronounced /1 / in the past: e g /k/ asked, joked, liked, locked, looked, picked, talked, thanked, walked, worked /s/ addressed, crossed, danced, discussed, faced, guessed, missed /ʧ/ matched, reached, switched, touched /ʃ/ crashed, finished, pushed, washed / f / coughed, laughed, stuffed Ip/ camped, developed, dropped, helped, hoped, jumped, shopped, stopped I x l axed, boxed, foxed, relaxed, waxed 39.3 Pronounced / id/ in the past: e g base form ending in / d / added, afforded, attended, avoided, decided, ended, handed, included, mended, minded, needed, provided, reminded, skidded base form ending in /(/ admitted, attempted, collected, completed, counted, dated, educated, excited, expected, greeted, hated, insisted, invited, lifted, painted, posted, printed, rested, shouted, started, tasted, visited, waited, wanted, wasted Appendix 40 [> 9.14.1 , 9 . 15,9.22, 12.3n1, 12.11n1] Some common irregular verbs |
| verb arise awake be bear beat |
past tense
arose
awoke
was/were
bore
beat
become became
begin began
bend bent
bet bet/betted
bid (money) bid
| bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst bust buy cast2 catch choose cling come3 cost4 |
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
built
burned/burnt
burst
bust/busted
bought
cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
past participle
arisen
awoken
been
borne, born1
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet/betted
bid
bound
bitten/bit
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
built
burned/burnt
burst
bust/busted
bought
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
forgive forgave
forsake forsook
freeze froze
get got
give gave
go10 went
grind ground
grow11 grew
hang12 hung/hanged
have had
hear13 heard /
hew hewed
hide hid
hit hit
hold14 held
hurt hurt
keep kept
kneel knelt/kneeled
kmf5 knit/knitted
know knew
lay16 laid
lead17 led I led /
lean leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned
leave left
lend lent
let let
lie19 (lie down) lay
light lit/lighted
lose lost
make20 made
| meet mow pay21 prove put quit read22 rid ride23 ring rise |
| met mowed paid proved put quit/quitted read rid/ridded rode rang rose |
mean /mi:n / meant /ment/
crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamt/dreamed
drunk7
driven
dwelt/dwelled
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got [gotten AmE)
given
gone
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hewn/hewed
hidden/hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/learned18
left
lent
let
lam
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant I ment/
met
mown/mowed
paid
proved, proven
put
quit/quitted
read
rid/ridded
ridden
rung
risen
Appendix 40
| run24 saw say /sei/ see25 seek sell26 send set27 sew shake shear shed shine28 shoot29 show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep32 slide sling slink slit smell sow speak speed spell33 spend34 spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand35 steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive swear |
| swore sweep swept swell swelled swim swam swing swung take37 took teach taught tear tore tell38 told think thought throw39 threw thrust thrust tread trod understand40 understood wake woke/waked |
| wear |
| weave |
ran
sawed
said /sed/
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared
shed
shone
shot
showed
shrank/shrunk
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
slunk
slit
smelt/smelled
sowed
spoke
sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat (spit AmE)
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprang/sprung stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
strewed
strode
struck
strung
| wore |
| wove |
strove/stnved
run
sawn/sawed
saidlsed/
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewed
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shot
shown/showed
shrunk30
shut sung sunk3'
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
slunk
slit
smelt/smelled
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat split
spoilt/spoiled spread
sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk
strewn/strewed stridden
struck36
strung stnven/stnved sworn swept
swollen/swelled swum swung taken taught torn told
thought thrown thrust
trodden/trod understood woken/waked
worn
woven
| wed weep wet win wind4' wring write42 |
| wed/wedded wept wet/wetted won wound wrung wrote |
wed/wedded wept
wet/wetted won wound wrung written
1 Also forbear overbear She s borne ten sons I was born in 1960
2 Also broadcast forecast miscast recast
3 Also overcome compare become
4 Note regular verb cost I ve costed the work
5 Also outdo overdo redo underdo undo
6 Also overdraw, withdraw
7 Note the ad|ective drunken a drunken man
8 Also overeat
9 Also befall Note regular verb fell We ve felled that tree
10 A l s o forego undergo
1 1 A l s o outgrow, overgrow
12 A l s o overhang, overhung overhung Note hanged (= put to death)
13 A l s o overhear mishear rehear Note hear /his I and heard I hə:d /
14 A l s o behold, uphold withhold
15 N o t e knit (= make from wool) is regular
16 A l s o inlay mislay relay waylay Note the present, lay (laid, laid) should not be confused with the past of lie (lay, lam)
17 A l s o mislead Compare pronunciation of lead llv.d/ (verb) and lead /led/ (noun)
18Note the adjective learned/lə:nid / [> 6 14]
19 Note lie (lied lied) (regular) (= tell a lie)
20 Also remake unmake
2 1 A l s o overpay repay underpay
Note spelling of paid laid, compare played
22 Also misread, re-read Note the pronunciation of the present read I ri:d / and the past read /red/
23 Also override
24 Also outrun overrun, re-run
25 Also foresee oversee Compare see, saw, seen and saw sawed sawn/sawed
26 Also outsell, resell undersell
27 Also beset, reset, upset
28 Also outshine Shine (= polish), can be regular, especially in AmE
29 Also overshoot
30 Compare the adjective shrunken
31 Compare sunken a sunken ship
32 Also oversleep
33 Also misspell
34 Also overspend, underspend
35 Also withstand, compare understand
36 Compare awestruck, poverty-stricken
37 Also betake, mistake overtake retake undertake
38 A l s o foretell retell
39 Also overthrow
40 Also misunderstand
4 1 A l s o rewind, unwind
Note regular verbs wind [wind] was winded by the blow wound I wʊnd / He was wounded in the war 42 Also rewrite, underwrite
Appendix 41 - 43
Appendix 41[>10.11]
Some words which combine with 'be' to describe temporary behaviour
41.1 Adjectives(He's being naughty) amusing, awful, babyish, bad (= naughty), boring, brave, careful, careless, cautious, childish, critical, daring, difficult, extravagant, foolish, frank, friendly, funny, greedy, helpful, idiotic, impatient, impossible, ironic, just (= fair), kind, lazy, mean, naive, nasty, naughty, nice, obedient, obliging, odd, patient, peculiar, pedantic, polite, practical, rough, rude, sensible, silly, sincere, snobbish, stupid, tactful, tedious, tiresome, tiring, ungrateful, unpleasant, vain, wasteful
41.2 Nouns(He's being a baby) a baby, a bore, a brute, a bully, a coward, a darling, a devil, a fool, a (good) friend, hell, an idiot, a liar, a miser, a nuisance, a problem, a show-off, a silly, a snob, a threat, a worry.
Appendix 42t> 3.28.2,10.37]
'Have', 'give', 'take': some common combinations
42.1 'Have' + noun
42.1.1Eating/drinking (Have breakfast/a drink) breakfast/lunch/tea/supper/dinner, a meal, a snack, a drink, a/some coffee, a sandwich
42.1.2Rest/sleep {Have a rest) a rest/a sleep/a lie-down/a nap, a day off, a holiday, a dream, a nightmare
42.1.3Washing, etc (Have a bath) a bath/a wash/a shower, a shave, a haircut/a shampoo/a set/a perm/a tint, a massage.
42.1.4Appointments, etc (Have a date) an appointment, a date, an interview, a meeting, a lesson, a game, a break, a good time, fun, a nice day, a ride, a walk [> 10 38].
42.1.5Travel (Have a trip) a trip, a drive, a lift, a good journey/flight
42.1.6The weather (We had some/a lot of rain) good/bad weather, rain, fog, a lovely day
42.1.7Illnesses/medical (Have a cold) a cold, a cough, a headache, a temperature, flu, measles, a pain, a baby, a breakdown.
42.1.8Personal qualities (Have a bad temper) a bad temper, (no) brains, a cheek, an eye tor, green fingers, guts, no conscience, sense, a sense of humour, a sweet tooth
42.1.9Relationships, opportunities, etc an advantage, an affair, an argument, a chat, a choice, difficulty, a discussion, an effect, a guess, a hand in, influence, luck, a nerve, no business, the/an opportunity, a problem, a reason, a row, sex, a talk, the time
42.1.10Emotional/mental states, reactions
a brainwave, a clue, cold feet, have had
enough, a feeling, a fit, an idea that, the
faintest idea, a good laugh (about something),
a lot to be grateful for, a lot to put up with, a
mind to, an opinion, a plan, a point of view,
second thoughts, a shock, a suggestion
42.2 'Give'+ noun(Give advice)
42.2.1'Give' (somebody) + noun advice/information/news, an answer, one's attention, a bath, a call/a ring, a chance, a description, an explanation, a guess, help, a kiss, a lead, lessons, a lift, an opportunity, permission, the sack, a shock, a surprise, the time, trouble, a warning, a welcome.
42.2.2A few verb phrases with 'give' give birth to, give evidence (in court), give the game away (= reveal a secret), give heed to, give the lie to, give one's life for, give a party/a dance, give place to, give a shout, give thanks for, give thought to, give way (= collapse), give way to (= allow to go first).
42.3 'Take'+ noun(Take action)
action, advice, aim (at), a bath/a shower, to
one's bed, something to bits, a break, care,
the chair (at a meeting), charge of, a class,
courage, somebody to court, a decision,
effect, an exam, exception to (= disapprove),
fright, heart (from something), a/the hint, a
holiday, a pke, liberties, a look, one's
medicine, note of, offence, the opportunity to,
pains to, part in, a photograph, pity, place (=
happen), possession of, pride in, a rest, risks,
root, a seat, shape, the strain, a turn, a walk.
Appendix 43[> 10.45]
'Do' and 'make': some common combinations
43.1 Some combinations with 'do':e.g.
43.1.1As in Do (somebody) a favour, damage, good, no good, harm, no harm, an injury, justice, a kindness, a service
43.1.2(= be engaged in an activity) business, a deal (with), one's duty, a job, something for a living, one's job/work + household tasks: the cooking, the gardening, the ironing, the shopping, the washing, the washing-up + places the sights, Rome (in a day) + speed, distance This car does 100 miles an hour, thirty miles to the gallon + subjects, etc.: Art, French, an experiment, one's homework, a lesson, research. = arrange, clean, etc. the beds, the flowers, the kitchen, one's hair, one's nails, one's teeth
43.2 Some combinations with 'make':e g.
an accusation, an agreement, an apology, an
application, an attempt, a bargain, a bed, a
(phone) call, a change, a choice, a claim, a
comment, a contribution, a criticism, a
decision, a deduction, a demand, a discovery,
an effort (to), an escape, an excuse, a fortune,
a guess, a habit of something, history, an
impression, an inquiry, a journey, a law, a loss,
love, a mess, a mistake, money, a move (=
start to go), a name for oneself, a noise, an
offer, a profit, progress, a promise, a proposal,
a record, a reference, a remark, a report, a
request, room (for), rules, sense (of), a start,
a success of, a trip, trouble, use of, war,
one's way to a place (= go there), a will
Appendix 44
Appendix 44[>1.23-24,4.13,11.75.3,
15.6, 16.27-28]
Some adjectival combinations
Key:
I'm personal subject:
He's able to drive
I'm afraid (that) he's out
I'm busy cleaning the house It's' preparatory 'it':
It's advisable to book in advance
It's likely (that) he'll arrive tomorrow I'm/It's, personal subject or preparatory 'it'
He's kind to help.
It's kind (of him) to help
IS). that-clause with should' + verb:
It's advisable that he should phone
or subjunctive [> 11.75.1]
It's advisable that he keep in touch
or' present/past tense:
It's advisable that he keeps in touch. (sh). that-clause often with 'should',but not with subjunctive:It's odd (that) you should say that. thatnot usually omitted in that-clause:It's cruel that he should be punished
adjective fo-infinitive (that) '-ing'
able/unable I'm
absurd I'm/It's */f's(sh) I'm/It's
advisable It's */f's(S)
afraid I'm I'm
alarmed1 I'm I'm (sh)
alarming' It's "It's (sh)
angry I'm "I'm (sh)
anxious I'm "I'm (S)
ashamed I'm I'm (sh)
aware2 - I'm
awful I'm/It's It's (sh) I'm/It's
bad I'm/It's 'It's (sh) It's
better/best It's It's (S) It's
brave I'm/It's - I'm/It's
busy - - I'm
careful I'm "I'm (sh) I'm
careless I'm/It's - I'm/It's
certain3 I'm/It's I'm/It's
cheap It's - It's
clear4 - 'I'm/It's
clever I'm/It's - I'm/It's
content I'm "I'm (sh) I'm
cruel I'm/It's "It's (sh) I'm/It's
dangerous It's - It's
determined I'm I'm (S)
difficult I'm/It's - It's
due I'm
eager I'm 'I'm (S)
easy I'm/It's - It's
enpyable It's - It's
enough It's "It's (sh)
essential It's 'It's (S)
expensive It's - It's
fair I'm/It's "It's (sh) -
first, etc I'm
fit I'm
foolish I'm/It's - I'm/It's
fortunate I'm It's (sh) I'm/It's
free I'm/It's
adjective to-infinitive (that) '-ing'
friendly I'm/It's - I'rn/lt's
funny5 I'm/It's It's (sh) I'm/lt's
glad I'm I'm
good I'm/It's ' It s I'm/It's
no good - - It's
grateful I'm "I'm
great It's It's It's
happy I'm I'm I'm
hard (= difficult) It's/I'm - It's
(= unfair) - *It''s (sh) it's
helpful I'm/It's It's It's
(dis)honest I'm/It's - I'm/It's
hopeful - I'm
hopeless It's - It's
horrible I'm/It's *ft's(sh) /'m//t's
important6 It's It's (S)
just I'm/It's 'It's (S)
keen I'm "I'm (S)
(un)kind I'm/It's - I'm/It's
last I'm
liable I'm
(un)likely I'm It's
lovely It's "It's It's
(un)lucky I'm/It's I'm/It's I'm/It's
(un)natural It's It's (sh)
(un)necessary It's "It's (S)
nice I'm/It's "It's I'm/It's
obliged I'm
obvious - It's
odd I'm/It's It's (sh) I'm/It's
pleasant It's 'It's (sh) It's
pointless It's - It's
(im)polite I'm/It's
(im)possible It's 'It's
prepared I'm
quick I'm - I'm/It's
ready I'm
right I'm/It's "lt's(S)
rude I'm/It's - I'm/It's
sad I'm/It's I'm/It's (sh) I'm/It's
safe I'm/It's - I'm/It's
silly I'm/It's 'It's (sh) I'm/It's
slow I'm - I'm/It's
sorry I'm I'm (sh)
strange I'm/It's It's I'm/It's
stupid I'm/It's - I'm/It's
sure {= likely) I'm
(= certain7) - I'm
thankful I'm I'm
(un)true It's It's
useful/less It's - It's
vital It's 'It's (S)
(un)wise I'm/It's - It's
worth - - It's
wrong I'm/It's 'It's (sh) I'm/It's
1 Also adiectival participles [> App 10]
2 Also aware how to, when to, etc
3 Also (not) certain whether/wh- to; (not) certain whether/wh-+clause
4 Also (not) clear whether to, (not) clear whether/wh- + clause
5 Also funny when, where, etc + clause
6 Also not important whether/wh- + clause
7 Also (not) sure whether/wh- to, (not) sure whether/wh-+ clause
Appendix 45 - 46
Appendix 45[> 1.23.2, n 75,
15.3/5/6/16/18/20/24, 16 22]
Some reporting verbs
45.1 Some reporting verbs (1) Key:
that = that is not usually omitted
(sby) = optional personal object before clause
He warned (me) that I'd better go Q = verb may be followed by question
clauses
He asked when I would be readyif = verb can be followed by /for whether
He asked if/whetherJim had arrived * = verb can report direct speech in
writing with inversion usually possible
'I'm ready,' John said/said John
accept that fancy (= imagine)
acknowledge that fear
'add that feel (= think)
'admit Q find out, Q, if/whether
advertise that follow it follows that
affirm that forecast that/Q
'agree Q (if/whether) forget Q if/whether
allege that gather, Q, if/whether
allow (= admit) that guess, Q, if/whether
'announce happen it that
'answer that hope
appear it appears imagine (= think), Q
appreciate that imply that
"argue that, about Q indicate that, Q
'ask (sby) if/whether, Q "inquire if/whether/Q
assert that know, Q if/whether
assume learn, Q, if/whether
believe look it looks as if
I bet (= I'm sure) maintain
"boast, about Q matter that, if/wh/Q
(not) care if/whether, Q mean
'caution (sby) mind if/whether
certify that note that, Q
chance it chanced that notice, Q, if/whether
charge that observe that (= say)
check that, if/whether, Q plan Q
choose Q, whether 'point out, Q
claim 'predict that/Q
'complain pretend
"conclude "promise (sby)
"confess, Q whether prove, Q, whether
confirm that, Q whether question (sby) Q only
consider, Q realize Q
(l)daresay (present only) record that/Q/if
decide, Q, if/whether regret
'dpeech in
writing with inversion usually possible
'I'm ready,' John said/said John
accept that fancy (= imagine)
acknowledge that fear
'add that feel (= think)
'admit Q find out, Q, if/whether
advertise that follow it follows that
affirm that forecast that/Q
'agree Q (if/whether) forget Q if/whether
allege that gather, Q, if/whether
allow (= admit) that guess, Q, if/whether
'announce happen it that
'answer that hope
appear it appears imagine (= think), Q
appreciate that imply that
"argue that, about Q indicate that, Q
'ask (sby) if/whether, Q "inquire if/whether/Q
assert that know, Q if/whether
assume learn, Q, if/whether
believe look it looks as if
I bet (= I'm sure) maintain
"boast, about Q matter that, if/wh/Q
(not) care if/whether, Q mean
'caution (sby) mind if/whether
certify that note that, Q
chance it chanced that notice, Q, if/whether
charge that observe that (= say)
check that, if/whether, Q plan Q
choose Q, whether 'point out, Q
claim 'predict that/Q
'complain pretend
"conclude "promise (sby)
"confess, Q whether prove, Q, whether
confirm that, Q whether question (sby) Q only
consider, Q realize Q
(l)daresay (present only) record that/Q/if
decide, Q, if/whether regret
'declare 'remark (= say) that
deny "repeat that
depend on whether/Q "reply that
describe Q only 'report that, Q
disagree that 'respond that
discuss Q, whether only 'say, Q, if/whether
doubt, if/whether see, if/Q
dream that show that Q.if
emphasize that, Q 'state that, Q
ensure that 'suggest, Q
estimate that, Q suppose
"exclaim that suspect, Q
expect teach that, Q/whether
"explain, Q, whether (not) tell if/whether/Q
'think, Q, whether "warn (sby)
understand, Q if/whether wish
vote that wonder it/whether/Q
'want to know that if/Q write (sby) that