Press reports

Often the agent is not known or does not need to be mentioned: The search for the bank robbers continues Meanwhile many people have been questionedand the owner of the stolen getaway car has been traced

Headlines, advertisements, notices, etc.

KENNEDY ASSASSINATED' TRADE AGREEMENTS BROKEN' PRICES SLASHED' ALL GOODS GREATLY REDUCED' PETROL COUPONS ACCEPTED

Scientific writing (to describe 'process')

The mixture is placedin a crucible and is heatedto a temperature of 300°C It isthen allowedto cool before it can be analysed

The causative

Form of the causative

The causative is formed with have + object + past participle: e.g.

Tenses:

present:We have our house decorated every year

We are having our house decorated soon
past:We had our house decorated last year

present perfect:We have just had our house decorated
future:We will have our house decorated next year

We'll be having our house decorated next year

Modals:

'present':We may have our house decorated next year

We may be having our house decorated soon

The causative

Notes on the form of the causative

1 Formation: regular and irregular past participles We form the causative with have + noun or pronoun object + the past participle of a verb, regular or irregular [> Apps 39, 40]: I've just had my car repairedI m going to have my hair cutWhat about the children? - I'm having them collectedat 6Get can be used in place of have, but it has a more limited use and often conveys a slightly different meaning [> 12.13]. Care must be taken with the word order to avoid confusion: / had built a house (past perfect) / had a house built (causative: simple past)

2 Phrasal verbs A sentence can end in a preposition or adverb particle [> 8.22]: The fridge isn't working properly I'm having it looked atThere are instances where the past participle can be omitted: / had a tooth outthis morning (forpulled out)

The causative used for focus