Perfect participle constructions

Perfect participle constructions can be used in place of clauses in the present perfect and past perfect and the simple past The action described in the perfect participle construction has always taken place before the action described in the main clause active We have invited him here to speak so we d better go

to his lecture

Having invited him here to speak we'd better go to his

lecture passive / have been made redundant so I m going abroad

Having been made redundant I'm going abroad

1.60 Participle constructions with 'being' and 'having been'

The present participle form of be (being) can be used in place of the

finite formsis'are'was/were, the perfect participle form leaving been)

can be used in place of the finite forms have been and had been

These participle constructions are rare in everyday speech and only

likely to occur in formal writing

He is so ill he can t go back to work yet

Being so ill he can t go back to work yet

He was so illhe couldn t go back to work for a month

Being so ill he couldn t go back to work for a month

He has (or had) been ill for a very long time so he needs/needed

more time to recover before he can/could go back to work

Having been ill for a very long time he needs/needed more time to

recover before he can/could go back to work

These forms occur in passive constructions [> 12.2]

Participle constructions with it and there occur in formal style It being a bank holiday all the shops were shut (i e As it was ) There being no further business I declare the meeting closed (As there is no further business, I declare the meeting closed )

Participle constructions are common after with/without [> App 25.36] The crowds cheered The royal party drove to the palace With the crowds cheeringthe royal party drove to the palace They debated for hours No decision was taken They debated for hours without a decision being taken