Grammatical categories of nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral)

Grammatical category is a group of features of a particular part of speech rendering by language and expressing the systemic correlation within their grammatical form.

Plan:1) meaning, 2) form, 3) function.

Noun.

1) Object, phenomenon, substance, abstract notion.

2) Unchangeable categories: concrete or abstract, animate or inanimate, common or proper, gender for animate nouns. Changeable categories: number and case (common and possessive).

3) Subject, object, subjective predicative.

Adjective.

1) Property of an object.

2) Unchangeable categories: qualitative or relative. Changeable categories: degrees of comparison – positive, comparative, superlative.

3) Attribute, adjective predicative.

Pronoun.

1) Indication or deixis.

2) Types (only personal pronouns can change their person, number and case):

- personal – he, she, is;

- possessive – my, yours, his;

- indicative – some(thing), any(thing);

- demonstrative – that, this;

- negative – no, nothing, nobody;

- interrogative – who, what, why.

3) Subject, object, attribute, a part of predicate.

Numeral.

1) Quantity and order.

2) Cardinal and ordinal.

3) Subject, a part of predicate, attribute.

Grammatical categories of verbal parts of speech (verb, adverb)

Verb.

1) Action or state.

2) Unchangeable categories: action or state, regular or irregular, transitive (have an object to receive the action – I read this book) or intransitive (the book fell). Changeable categories: finite (infinitive, have tense) or non-finite (participle, don’t have tense). For finite verbs: mood (imperative, subjective conditional, indicative). For indicative: active or passive voice. Tenses: present, past, future, future in the past. Aspect: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous. Number and person.

3) Predicate, subject, object.

Adverb.

1) Property of an action or another property.

2) Unchangeable categories: qualitative or relative. Changeable categories: degrees of comparison – positive, comparative, superlative.

3) Adverbial modify.

Functional parts of speech. Modal words

Article is a functional part of speech showing characteristics of a noun.

Preposition is a functional part of speech showing the connection between other parts of speech.

Particle is a functional part of speech following the verb and giving additional meaning to it.

Conjunction is a functional part of speech showing the connection between parts of sentences and sentences.

Modal words express attitude to the utterance (perhaps, surely, etc.). Interjections express emotions (oh, hooray, etc.).