Practical work of students
Typical forms of water dysbalance.
Hypohydration: causes, types, mechanisms of development, manifestations, consequences, and pronciples of treatment.
Overhydration: causes, types, mechanisms of development, manifestations, consequences, and pronciples of treatment.
Edema: definition, types, the main factors of development, principles of treatment.
Edema during cradiac failure: etiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations.
Pulmonary edema: etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and consequences.
Renal edema: etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and consequences.
Disorders of sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, and phosphate metabolism: causes, manifestations, and mechanisms of develpment.
Methods of teaching
Discussion the major issues among students with and under the supervision of a teacher, discussion of videos and results of the experiment.
6.6.5. THE LIST OF LITERATURE:
The basic
1. Litvitsky P.F., Pirozhkov S.V., Tezikov E.B. Concise lectures and tests on pathophysiology E-tekstbook. – ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2007
2. Pathologic basis of disease. Hemodynamic disorders. EdemaV. Kumar, A.K. Abbas, S.N. Fausto, 8th edition, 2010.- P. 119-122
3. Basic Pathology. Endocrine pancreas. Hemodynamic disorders. EdemaVinay Kumar, Ramsi S. Cotran, Stanley L. Robbins. 9th edition, 2013.- P. 61-63.
Additional
4. Textbook of pathology. Harsh Mohan. Body fluid and circulatory disturbances. 4rd edition, Delhi, 2004.-P. 87- 100.
Methods of control
Oral questioning, checking conclusions on experiment, pathogenetic schemes, testing
The approximate timing of class
| № | Steps of the class | Time (min) |
| Organizational part. Roll Call, reading the goals and objectives of the class, distribution of demonstration material | ||
| Discussion the questions №№ 1, 2 | ||
| Creation of pathogenetic schemes, task 1 | ||
| Discussion the questions №№3, 4 | ||
| Перерыв | ||
| Tasks №№ 2-4 and their discussion | ||
| Discussion the questions №№ 5, 6, | ||
| Task 5 | ||
| Test | ||
| Summarizing the classroom work, assessment of competencies |
Practical work of students
Task № 1. Create pathogenetic schemes of hypoosmolal and hyperosmolal hypohydration
| Task № 2. | Study the role of tissue osmotic pressure in development of edema. |
Two frogs of approximately identical weight are injected 2 ml of physiological solution into back lymphatic sac to one frog and 2 ml of 20 % solution of sodium chloride to another. The frogs are weighed and placed in jars with water. After 50-60 minutes the frogs are weighed again. The received data are written to the report. Make the conclusions.
The protocol
| Animal | The injected solutions | Weight of frogs (g) | |
| Initial | After 1 hour | ||
| Frog 1 | 2,0 ml of physiological solution | ||
| Frog 2 | 2.0 ml of 20 % solution of sodium chloride |
| Task № 3. | Study the role of hemodynamic factor in development of edema (Fisher's experiment). |
Technique: Tie a tourniquet to a back limb of a frog some hours prior the class work. At the class mark the changes of limb’s color and a degree of the limb’s volume increase. Pierce a needle the place of edema, observe the excretion of edemic fluid. Explain the mechanism of development of the edema.
| Task № 4. | Study the role of blood oncotic pressure reduction in pathogenesis of edema (Starling’s experiment). |
Technique: Open thoracis and abdominal cavities of a fixed frog, delete a pericardium, make an incision in an aorta and in the direction to periphery insert a canule with a rubber tube dressed on it which is connected with the balloon containing 0,5 % NaCl solution. The solution perfuses the frog’s vascular system and flows out of the cut in aorta. Suspend the frog for the lower jaw to a quick balance. In 15-30 minutes after the beginning of perfusion mark change of weight, development of edema. Explain the pathogenesis of hyperhydration of the frog.