Mechanical Engineering
Week (2 hours)
Texts: “Petroleum Engineering”, “Mechanical Engineering”
Grammar: Modal Verbs.
Listening and discussion: Text “Gothic painting”
Texts:
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Engineering is concerned with the extraction of oil and gas from the ground and its processing to provide a useful fuel and feed-stock for further chemical processing. Virtually every product in modern life has probably been touched in some way by oil or gas - from baking a pie in an oven to building a composite fuselage for an aircraft. It is not surprising therefore that, as the oil starts to run out, petroleum engineering will become more demanding; requiring a ever more diverse range of skills.
If you have a fascination in how the chemistry and mechanics of oil and gas production work together to support our world, then you should consider petroleum engineering as a career choice.
Aberdeen is at the heart of the energy industry in Europe, and is in an international centre of excellence in exploration and production of oil and gas, both in the North Sea and in many other overseas provinces using resources based in Aberdeen.
The distinctiveness of this programme is provided by its combination of excellence in both Engineering and in Petroleum Geoscience. With Engineering at its heart, the programme also draws upon excellent teaching and research in Exploration and Production Geoscience, and in physical and organic Chemistry, thereby providing students with a clear understanding of the challenges faced by a Petroleum Engineer at an inter-disciplinary level. The programme is also focussed towards enabling graduates to confront the cutting-edge challenges of the future as the industry extends its reach into ever more complex problems.
Following specialisation in third year, honours studies will include: Reservoir Geology (field and project-based), Engineering Analysis and Methods , Engineering Design, Engineering Materials, Process Modelling and Control, Principles of Petroleum Geology, Drilling Engineering, Economics, Resource and Safety Management, Petroleum Fluid Properties, Multi-phase flow, Safety & Reliability Engineering, Well Engineering & Completion, Reservoir Modelling, Advanced Petroleum Process Control Gas Production Engineering, Subsea Control Systems, Separation and Production Engineering, Fracturing in Reservoirs, Engineering Management, Stimulation and Enhanced Production.
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering is concerned with creative and imaginative use of engineering principles and science to shape the world around us, through the development of new materials, technologies, processes and products. Mechanical engineers design and develop everything that moves or has moving parts, ranging from spacecrafts and aeroplanes to racing cars, from household goods like refrigerators to the small motors that turn a CD in a CD player, from robotic control of machinery to nanotechnologies, from mechanical hearts and artificial limbs to fitness machines, and from oil and gas exploration and production technologies to wind turbines.
Virtually every product in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer. It is not surprising therefore that mechanical engineering is regarded as one of the most diverse of all engineering disciplines.
If you are interested in the mechanics and dynamics of movement, have aptitude and fascination in how things work, and want to contribute positively to making the life of the human race better and to the development of a sustainable environment, then you should consider mechanical engineering as a career choice.
Grammar Modal Verbs
Should and ought
Should was originally the past tense of shall, but in the course of its development it has acquired new shades of meaning.
The modal verbs should and ought are treated together here as there is hardly any difference between them. Very often they are interchangeable.
I ought to have married; yes, I should have married long ago. (Poittsma)
There is, however, a difference in construction. Whereas should is followed by the infinitive without the particle to, ought is always followed by the to-infinitive.
When reference is made to the present or future, the Indefinite Infinitive is used.
In wartime a man should not partwith his rifle. (Heym)
It’s murder, and we ought to stopit. (London)
When reference is made to the past the Perfect Infinitive shows that the obligation was not carried out.
“Youshould have been here last night when they brought back the DP’s to
the mines,” said Yates. (Heym).
She ought to have known that the whole subject was too dangerous to discuss
at night. (Galsworthy)
I know that I was weak in yielding to my mother’s will. I should not have
done so. (London)
She had no nerves; he oughtnever to have married a woman eighteen years
younger than himself. (Galsworthy)
Should and ought are sometimes used with the Continuous Infinitive and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive.
You should be learning your lessons, Jack, and not talking with Mary.
You ought to be helpingyour mother with your salary and not squandering
your money.
He should have been trying to break through the isolation the hospital had set
around Thorpe, he should have been doing many things other than walking
along the Seine quay. (Heym)
Both should and ought express obligation, something which is advisable, proper or naturally expected.
1. Obligation, very often a moral obligation or. duty. In this meaning ought is more often used than should.
Martin’s hand instinctively closed on the piece of gold. In the same instant he
knew he oughtn’tto accept. (London).
Рука Мартина инстинктивно сжала золотую монету. В то же мгновение
он понял, что не должен принимать ее.
I promised her if ever the time came when she needed me, to be her friend.
Promises of that sort shouldnever be broken. (Meade)
Я обещал ей, если когда-либо наступит момент, когда я буду нужен,
быть ее другом. Такие обещания никогда не должны нарушаться.
2. Advisability.
In this meaning should is more common than ought, as it always shows some personal interest whereas ought is more matter-of-fact.
You shouldbe more careful. (London)
Вам следует быть осторожнее.
You oughtto have Warmson to sleep in the house. (Galsworthy)
Нужно было бы, чтобы Уормсон спал у вас в доме.
1. Something which can be naturally expected.
It’s the last of the Madeira I had from Mr. Jolyon... it oughtto be in prime-
condition still. (Galsworthy)
Это последняя бутылка мадеры, которую я получил от мистера
Джолиона... она должна быть еще в отличном состоянии.
If it’s a story by Wodehouse it shouldbe amusing.
Если это рассказ Вудхауса, он должен быть забавным.
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То be + Infinitive
То be + Infinitive is a modal expression. Some of its meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation (must, shall, should, ought, to have + Infinitive).
This modal expression can be used in two tenses — the Present Indefinite and the Past Indefinite (was, were).
Dear Jim, I am to be shot at sunrise tomorrow. (Voynich)
They were to go to Spain for the honeymoon. (Galsworthy)
To be + Infinitive expresses a weakened order, an arrangement, possibility, something thought of as unavoidable. The ways of rendering this expression in Russian differ in accordance with its meaning.
1. An order which is generally the result of an arrangement made by one person for another, an arrangement which is not to be discussed.
In this case only the Indefinite Infinitive is used.
You are to gostraight to your room. You are to saynothing of this to anyone.
(De la Roche)
Ты должна идти прямо в свою комнату. Ты никому не должна ничего
говорить об этом.
Schlaghammer frowned. It was not up to him to judge Pettinger... but it was in
his province to interpret orders. He was to blast the entrances of the mine.
(Heym).
Шлагхаммер нахмурился. Не ему судить Петтингера, но толковать
приказы — это его право. Он должен взорвать все входы в шахту.
2. An arrangement, or agreement, part of a plan.
In this meaning both the Indefinite and the Perfect Infinitive can be used; the Perfect Infinitive shows that the action was not carried out.
I’m sorry, Major, we had an agreement — I was to dothe questioning here.
(Heym)
Простите, майор, мы условились, что допрос буду вести я.
We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight. (mutual
arrangement)
Мы должны были встретиться у входа в театр без четверти восемь.
“Have you seen him?” Martini asked. “No, he was to have met me here the
next morning.” (Voynich)
«Вы его видели?» — спросил Мартини. «Нет, он должен был встретить меня здесь на следующее утро».
3. Possibility.
In this meaning the passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it is a question beginning with the interrogative adverb how. Here the meaning of the modal expression comes very close to that of the verb can.
For a long time neither was to be seen about their old haunts. (Dreiser)
В течение долгого времени их не видели в местах, где они обычно
бывали.
How arethey to know that you are well connected if you do not show it by
your costume? (Shaw)
Как могут они знать, что у вас большие связи, если вы не показываете
этого своей манерой одеваться?
And he knew that higher intellects than those of the Morse circle were to be
found in the world. (London)
И он знал, что можно найти людей с более высоким интеллектом, чем у
тех, которые принадлежали к кругу Морзов.
4. Something thought of as unavoidable.
Sally wished Morris could be on the same terms of easy friendliness with her
as he was with everybody else. But evidently, it was not to be. (Prichard)
Салли хотела, чтобы Моррис поддерживал с ней такие же простые
дружеские отношения, как и со всеми остальными. Но, очевидно, этому
не суждено было быть.
I went about brooding over my lot, wondering almost hourly what was to
become of me. (Dreiser)
Я все время размышлял о своей судьбе, беспрестанно задавая себе
вопрос, что со мной станет.
N o t e 1. — Sometimes when it is used after the conjunction if it has the same
meaning as the verb to want.
If we are toremain friends you must tell me the truth.
N o t e 2.— It should be borne in mind that the Russian questions ‘Как мне
быть?’, ‘Что мне делать?’ are rendered in English by the modal expression
What am I to do?
To have + Infinitive
The modal expression to have + Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.
I have to get up at six every day.
When water was rushing through the tents and everybody had to sleep in wet
blankets, it was treated as a joke. (Prichard)
I shall have to take the pupils into the hills, as usual, and see them settled
there. (Voynich)
The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression areformed with the help of the auxiliary do.
Didyou have to walk all the way home?
I did not have to walk,I took a tram.
Only the Indefinite Infinitive Active and Passive can be used in this modal expression.
I had imagined we should have to hold a large house-party for the occasion.
(Du Maurier)
I wouldn’t look through the letters — disappointment had to be postponed,
hope kept alive as long as possible. (Greene)
To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged. It is often rendered in Russian by приходится, должен, вынужден.
Bing knew that if Willoughby demanded it, he had to give the report. (Heym)
Бинг знал, что, если Уиллоуби этого требует, он должен дать отчет.
And if my father was fighting drunk sometimes he wouldn’t let us into the
house so that we had to stay out all night. (Walsh)
И если мой отец в пьяном виде дрался, он иногда не впускал нас в дом,
так что нам приходилось ночевать на улице.
Though both the modal expressions to be + Infinitive and to have + Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is, a great difference in their meaning.
C o m p a r e:
As I wasto bethere at 5 sharp (part of an arrangement), I had to take a taxi
(necessity arising out of this arrangement).
Так как я должен был быть там ровно в пять, мне пришлось взять такси.
In colloquial English and especially in American English have, got + Infinitive is often used in the same meaning as have + Infinitive.
This modal expression is used in the Present Indefinite tense only.
Okay, we’ll beat ‘em to it. Dick, we’ve got to keep awake,we’ve got to
watch things and be ready. (Lindsay)
The negative and interrogative forms are formed without any auxiliary.
Haveyou got to do all this work yourself?
No, I have not got to work so much.
There is a tendency in Modern English to use got + Infinitive in the same meaning.
You can smile away till you split your cheeks, but you still got to doa day’s
work to earn a day’s wages, and apples don’t grow on monkey-trees.
(Lindsay)
N o t e. — Pay special attention to the difference between I have something to
tell you and I have to tell you something. In the latter case the speaker
expresses the necessity of telling something to somebody, whereas in the
former the verb to have preserves to a certain extent its meaning of possession
and the speaker merely states that he has something which he either wants or
must communicate to somebody. The difference in word order is caused by
the difference in the meaning of the verb to have. In the first case it is not a
modal verb, thus, have is a simple predicate, something is a direct object and
the infinitive is an attribute. In the second sentence have to tell is a modal
expression, so it is a compound verbal modal predicate and something is an
object to the infinitive.
Need
Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.
You needn’tbe in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw)
He надо так бояться. Возьмите меня, под руку.
N o t e. — When need is used in the meaning of ‘to be in want of’ it is treated
as a normal verb.
He needs a new pair of shoes.
Need has only one tense form — the Present. In the same way as dare, need is used as a normal and as an anomalous verb; the latter is much more common in colloquial English.
One need to be careful.(Zandvoort)
He did not need to be told twice. (Zandvoort)
Why needhe bother us? (Knuslnga)
I am here. You needn’t be afraid. (Greene)
I need hardly sayI would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen’s
happiness. (Wilde)
Need is used both with the Indefinite and with the Perfect Infinitive.
I suppose I needn’t have madethat observation. (Pinero)
Пожалуй, не к чему мне было делать такое замечание.