EXERCISES
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences may express real and unreal condition. They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, in case, provided, unless, suppose.
CONDITION
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
PRINCIPAL CLAUSE
TRANSLATION
|
Real
Ifit lookslike rain, If I havemore time, If he is workingon
Friday
we'll stayat home.
I'll comeover.
he won't be ableto
go with us.
Present Ind./Cont.
will + Inf.
|
С Э
CD
С <D CO <D
C3 0.
If I wereyou, If I hadmore time, If you knewhim better, If it were not raining,
Past Ind./Cont.
If you had gonethere, If it hadn't beenso hot last summer,
Past Perfect
I would gothere myself. I would comeover. you wouldn't thinkso. I could go out.
| + Inf. |
would could might
you would have seenhim. we could have goneto
the South._____________
| would could might |
+ have + Participle II
NOTES:
1. "If" is the most common. "In case" and "provided" are chiefly used in sentences of real condition:
□ In caseI don't find her at home, IV/ leave her a note.
В случае, если я не застану ее дома, я оставлю ей записку.
□ We7/ finish the work on time providedyou send all the necessary materials.
Мы закончим работу вовремя, при условии если вы пришлете все необходимые материалы. Unless has a negative meaning:
□ I 'II come in time unless Iam detained at the Institute.
Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте. Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition:
□ Supposehe wrote to you, would you answer?
Предположим, он написал бы вам, вы бы ответили?
2. In the subordinate clause auxiliary "should" can be used. Such sentences are translated by
means of "Если бы случилось так...", "Случись так...":
□ If he shouldcome, ask him to wait.
В случае, если он придет, попросите его подождать.
3. There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition:
a) the condition refers to the past and the consequence refers to the present:
□ If you had takenyour medicine yesterday, you would bewell today.
Если бы вы вчера приняли это лекарство, теперь вы бы были здоровы.
b) the condition refers to no particular time and the consequence to the past:
□ If he were notso absent-minded, he would not have missedthe train yesterday.
Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не опозлал вчера на поезд.
4. Unreal conditions may also be expressed in the following ways:
a) But for+ noun/pronoun
□ But for the rain,we would go downto the country.
Если бы не дождь, мы бы поехали за город.
b) If it were not for+ noun/pronoun
had not been for
□ If it were not for your help, I wouldn't be ableto finish my work in time. Если бы не ваша помощь ...
□ If it hadn't been for me,they would have never foundthe place. Если бы не я...
5. In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs "might" and "could" are often used
instead of "would"; they fully retain their modal meaning:
□ If I hada big garden I would
could ci> growa lot of flowers.
Might
6. Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could, should are often
introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion:
гйТ1-,
XI I I hadI time, I would come over.
□ HadI time, I would come over.
Xj she | were| in New York, she would certainly call yoih
□ Wereshe in New York, she would certainly call you.
Indirect Speech:
"If I hada big garden I would growa lot of flowers".
□ He saidthat if he hada big garden he would(could/might) growa lot of flowers.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. (A, B)Make sentences. Choose from the boxes.
If +
| we don't hurry I can't get a flight you come home late I don't feel well you have any problems | please come in quietly. I'm not going to work. we'll be late. I'll try to help you. I'll fly home on Sunday. | |
| I can understand you It will be nice You'll be cold What are you going to do I'm sure they'll understand | + if | you don't wear a coat. you don't pass your exam? you explain your problem. you speak slowly. you can come to the party. |
Ex. 2. (A, B) Choose the correct form of the verb: RIGHT/WRONG.
1. If I don't feel/won't feel well tomorrow, / stay/I'll stay at home.
2. If the weather is/will be nice tomorrow, we can go to the beach.
3. It will be hard to find a hotel if we arrive/will arrive late.
4. The alarm will ring if there is/will be a fire.
5. I am/will be surprised if they get/will get married.
6. Do/will you go to the party if they invite/will invite you?
7. If I am/will be late this evening, don't wait for me.
8. What shall we do, if it rains/will be raining?
9. I 'II be able to understand you, if you speak/will speak slowly.
Ex. 3. (A, B) Practise the following according to the model.
Model: He runs round the park every morning, so he keeps very fit. If I ranround the park every morning I would keepfit too.
1. He lives in the South, so he can grow a lot of flowers.
2. They use electric typewriters, so they finish their work soon.
3. He lives near his work, so he is never late.
4. He goes to bed early, so he always wakes up in time.
5. His French is good, so he reads French books in the original.
6. They have a maid, so they can enjoy themselves.
Ex. 4. (A, B) Look at the warning signs. What would you say to somebody who's ignoring them? Model:
Danger!
Keep away from the edge!
□ If you don't keep away from the edge, you'll fall down.
(to fall down)
Danger! Thin ice!
Danger! No smoking!
(to step on the ice/to be drowned)
(to smoke here/to be a fire)
Dangerous road!
Wet paint!
(to drive fast/to have an accident)
(to ignore the sign/to get dirty)
Beware of the dog!
Horn forbidden!
(to ignore the sign/to get bitten by the dog) (not obey the sign/to get fined)
Ex. 5. (A, B) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
I
1. If I had this tool, I (give) it to you.
2. If he worked more slowly, he (not make) so many mistakes.
3. I could give you his address if I (know) it.
4. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking.
5. If he knew you were away, he (not come).
6. I (keep) a gardener if I could afford it.
7. What would you do if the lift (get) stuck between two floors?
8. He (not go) there if his family were not invited.
9. The car wouldn't break so often if you (have) it serviced regularly.
1. If I (know) her better, I (introduce) you.
2. The journey takes about 3 hours by bus. You (get) there much sooner if you (go) by train.
3. If I (have) money with me then, I (can lend) you some.
4. He couldn't find a job when he came to Germany. If he (like) children, he (work) at school.
5. The teacher told Peter that he (not pass) the exam if he (not work) harder.
Ex. 6. (A, B)
I. Use "might" instead of "would" to give the meaning of "perhaps".
1. She's getting fat. If she (not eat) much sweet, she (lose) weight.
2. I didn't watch the film yesterday. If I (have) some free time yesterday, I (watch) it.
3. She feels very tired in the morning. If she (go) to bed earlier, she (not feel) so tired.
4. He's not a strong man. If he (go) to the fitting center, he (be) stronger.
II. Use "could" instead of "would" to give the meaning of "possible".
1. We (understand) the English teacher better if she (speak) more slowly.
2. I like reading but we don't have books in our country house. If I (have) books there, a lot in summer.
3. I don't know where he's living now. If I (know) his address, I (write) to him.
4. Roberta is very pretty but rather short. If she (be) taller, she (be) a model.
(read)
Ex. 7. (А, В) Answer the questions in complete sentences.
I
1. To which town/city would you go if you didn't need a visa?
2. Who would you ask to dance if you had the choice?
3. Could you come to the Institute on Sunday if the teacher asked you?
4. How would you feel if you won a thousand dollars?
5. Could you wake up at 5 a.m. if none woke you up?
6. Could you cook your own dinner if your mother asked you?
II
1. If you had been born in 1950, what would you be now?
2. If you had been late for this lesson, would you have apologized to the teacher?
3. What would you have done if you had been the Rector of the University?
4. Could you have answered these questions correctly if you had been absent at the last lesson?
Ex. 8. (A, B) Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.
Model: □ If I were you, I (to read) the book in the original. If I were you, I would read the book in the original.
□ If I had known how dull the film was, I (not to go) to the cinema.
If I had known how dull the film was, I would not have gone to the cinema. 1. They (to go) to the beach if it were warmer. 2. If the poem were not so long, I (to learn) it by heart. 3. Even if it were not so late I don't think I (to go) to the cinema. 4. Even if he knew how difficult the situation was, he (not to stop) the preparations. 5. Even if I had a dictionary, I don't believe I (to be able) to write the test. 6. Even if you had given her your car, she (cannot arrive) in so short a time. 7. Even if I wanted to, I (can do) nothing now. 8. If you really wanted to buy the house, you (can do) it even now.
Ex. 9. (В, С) Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.
Model: If I (to know) about it, I (to help) you.
If I had known about it, I would have helped you. 1. The place was very dull. Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week, we (not enjoy) our holiday. 2. If you (not to interfere), they (to forget) all about it in an hour. 3. If you (to trust) me, I (can lead) you safely through. 4. The dinner (not to be spoiled) if you (not forget) the dish in the oven. 5. She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady. 6. He (not to take) this case even if he (to be asked). 7. The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive. 8. She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way. 9. None (to mind) if he (be dismissed). 10. Someone (may notice) if she (open) the letter.
Ex. 10. (В, С) Compose conditional sentences on the basis of the following statements.
Model: □ It's raining hard. We can't go out. If it were not raining so hard, we could go out.
□ I have no dictionary. I shan't finish the translation today. If I had a dictionary, I would finish the translation today.
□ The goal-keeper was hurt early in the game. The team lost. If the goal-keeper had not been hurt early in the game, the team would not have lost.
1. She thought of her future and refused to marry the young man.
2. He was deep in his thoughts and did not notice the "no parking" sign.
3. I have a lot of work to do, I can't go to the pictures.
4. There is no one to sit with the baby, I have to stay at home.
5. The rain has stopped at last, and we began to enjoy ourselves.
6. She did not think of the consequences and agreed to forge (подделать) the document.
7. There were so many people there that nobody noticed his absence.
8. We don't like cheese. We don't buy it.
9. He lost his temper and said things he did not really mean.
10. I don't know your cousin, I can't meet her at the station.
Ex. 11. (A, B) Compose sentences according to the model. Use but for+ noun/pronoun
Model: □ I don't want to tell you this, but I promised to. But for my promise, I wouldn't tell you this. □ He didn't die. The operation saved him. But for the operation he would have died. 1. He wants to go swimming but the water is cold. 2. He couldn't see us off as he was busy at the office. 3. She wasn't alone in the house, her husband was asleep in his room. 4.1 want to go but I have an examination tomorrow. 5. In the end he went to see the doctor. His wife made him do it. 6. It began to rain and we didn't go for a walk. 7. We couldn't have a picnic. The weather was too bad. 8. Of course I want to help you but I have a conference today. 9. He had a good guide so he could see all the sights. 10. You can't prepare the contract because the computer is out of order.
Ex. 12. (A, B) Translate the words in brackets.
1. But for her spelling she (получила бы) an excellent mark for her composition.
2. But for my sister's help I (не смогла бы перевести) the article so fast.
3. But for the neighbour's chickens I (не держала бы) the dog chained.
4. But for your explanation I (не научилась бы) to do it so well.
5. But for the final scene the picture (была бы) quite good.
6. But for his sore throat he (выступил бы) at the meeting.
7. But for the grandmother's operation they (поехали бы) to the Crimea.
8. But for her voice she (была бы) a good actress.
9. But for the heat I (нравилось бы) working in this country.
10. But for the accident he (поставил бы/set) a record.
Ex. 13. (В, С) Translate the verbs in brackets.
I
1. If I had known that you were in hospital (я бы навестил тебя). 2. If (я бы знал) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake. 3. If (ты бы пришел) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat. 4. You would have seen my garden at its best if (ты был бы здесь) last week. 5. I wouldn't have believed it if (я бы не видел) it with my own eyes. 6. (Я бы предложил) to help him if I had realized that he was ill. 7. If (я бы понял) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you. 8. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red (я бы остановился). 9. (Куры не вошли бы/get) into the house if you had shut
the door. 10. If he had known that the river was dangerous (он бы не пытался) to swim across it. 11. If (Вы бы говорили) more slowly he might have understood you. 12. If he had known the whole story (он бы не разозлился). 13. If (я бы попытался) again I think that I would have succeeded. 14. (Вы бы не попали/get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions. 15. If (я была бы готова) when he called he would have taken me with him. 16. If she had listened to my directions (она бы не повернула) down the wrong street. 17. (Я бы взял такси) if I had realized that it was such a long way. 18. If (ты бы не чихнула/sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.
II
1. If (я встретил тебя) you yesterday, of course (я бы предупредил) you. 2. I'm sorry I threw the newspaper away. (Я бы не выбросил ее) if (я бы знал) you had wanted it. 3. Why didn't you ask me to help you? Of course (я бы помог тебе) if (ты бы попросил меня) to. 4. I'm sorry I couldn't come to the cinema with you last Friday. (Я бы пошел) if (я бы не был) so busy. 5. (Я бы не ушел из) the office early yesterday if (я бы не закончил) my work.
Ex. 14. (С) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Don't forget that there exist mixed types of conditional sentences.
1.1 had a sandwich for lunch. If I (have) a proper lunch, I (not feel) so hungry now. 2. He told his friend, "I'm not feeling very well. I (not be) here today if I (not promise) to come." 3.1 can hardly keep my eyes open. If I (go) to bed earlier last night, I (not be) so tired now. 4. He looked at his watch while he was driving and thought, "If I (not stop) to get petrol, I (be) home now." (use 'might') 5. If Jack (not hurt) his ankle yesterday, he (play) football this afternoon, (use 'could') 6. He wasn't a very happy man, and he often said, "If I (follow) my father's advice, I (be) much happier now." (use 'might')
Ex. 15. (C) Supply the necessary forms for the verbs given in brackets in the following sentences of unreal condition.
1. "Are you still thinking of going on that cruise?" - "It (may be) enjoyable," he said, "if one (to have) just the right person to go with." 2. It (to be) fun if Roberta (to write) a book. 3.1 never tried to understand my brother. If I (to try) I (may stop) him from going away. 4. If I (to be) you, Meg, I (not to let) myself believe this hateful gossip. 5.1 (to hate) myself if I (to deceive) him. 6. He said he had no pain, and if it (not to be) for the doctor, he (to get up) and (to go) home. 7. She (can go) to Cambridge if she (to want). She had been offered a scholarship. 8. You (to be) horrified if I (to tell) you what I have had to go through. 9. I'm glad I wasn't at home. He (not to get) much help if he (to ask) me. 10. The house looked awful. If I (to be) given to crying I (may cry). 11. "No, I won't tell you," she said. "It (not to be) fair to them if it just (to turn) out to be gossip." 12. It (may be) fatal if she (to learn) the truth. 13. "May I read this?" - "I (not to bother) if I (to be) you." 14. If I (to keep) to my original plan I (to miss) the whole affair. 15. Alice thought it (may be) nice if you (can join) us. 16. It (to look) silly if I (to tell) them the truth. 17. If I (to be) you, I (to try) to rise above it. 18. If I (to be) there, of course, I (to do) something. 19. If it (not to be) for the children I (to leave) you tomorrow. 20. If I (to be) a painter, I (to choose) an entirely different scenery.
(From "An English Grammar Practice Book" by I. P. Krylova)
Ex. 16. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English, using but for+ noun/pronoun.
I
1. Если бы не простуда, я бы тоже поехал. 2. Если бы не плохая дорога, мы бы уже давно приехали. 3. Если бы не она, они никогда бы не ссорились. 4. Если бы не этот юноша, ребенок утонул бы. 5. Если бы не ваша помощь, она бы не догнала группу. 6. Если бы не его диагноз, ее не оперировали бы вовремя. 7. Если бы не погода, мы бы прекрасно провели лето. 8. Это была бы неплохая работа, если бы не орфографические ошибки.
II
1. Если бы не шрам на щеке, я бы его не узнал. 2. Если бы не этот звонок, это был бы прекрасный вечер. 3. Мы бы добрались туда вовремя, если бы не несчастный случай. 4. Если бы не тесные (tight) туфли, я бы получил огромное удовольствие от прогулки. 5. Если бы не ее усталые глаза, вы бы никогда не дали ей больше 30. 6. Если бы не я, ты бы забыл об этом. 7. Если бы не ты, я бы благополучно сидела сейчас дома. 8. Если бы не дети, я бы тоже поехала с вами. 9. Если бы не его нога, он тоже принял бы участие в этой игре.
Ex. 17. (С) Translate into English.
1. Даже если бы вы позвонили мне вчера, я бы не смог прийти. 2. В зале было так много народу, что я не смог бы его найти. 3. Даже если бы вы предупредили меня, я бы не успел его повидать. 4. Я не мог бы поговорить с ним, даже если бы я его видел вчера. 5. Даже если бы он очень изменился, я бы узнал его. 6. Если бы вам задали этот вопрос, сумели бы вы на него ответить? 7. Если бы станция не была так далеко, мы бы донесли вещи сами. 8. Он ни за что не оставил бы товарищей в беде, даже если бы ему пришлось рисковать жизнью. 9. Если не застанешь никого из нас дома, оставь записку. 10. Даже если бы ему ничего не сказали, он бы все равно догадался в чем дело. 11. Если бы не цейтнот (timetrouble), он мог бы выиграть партию. 12. Если он станет отказываться, я постараюсь убедить его.
Ex. 18. (A) Dictation-translation.
1. Если мы не найдем такси, мы опоздаем на поезд. 2. Если бы ты слушал внимательно, ты бы все понял. 3. Если бы не было ветра, мы бы пошли кататься на лыжах. 4. Если бы я был врачом, я бы помог вам. 5. Если магазины будут открыты, купи что-нибудь на завтрак. 6. Если бы ты пригласил ее на вечеринку, она бы пришла с удовольствием. 7. Если бы ты читал газеты, ты бы знал последние новости. 8. Если бы Бетси не была занята сегодня, мы бы пошли на концерт. 9. Я не закончу эту работу к вечеру, даже если вы мне поможете. 10. Будь я на вашем месте, я бы пошел раньше.
Ex. 19. (В, С) Dictation-translation.
1. Если бы дорога была лучше, мы бы доехали значительно быстрее. 2. В случае, если он не придет, я зачитаю его доклад. 3. Как бы вы решили эту проблему, если бы вам пришлось заняться ею? 4. Если бы он поступил в институт четыре года назад, он бы сейчас уже закончил его. 5. Если бы не случай, он никогда не узнал бы об этом.
5. Если бы она вчера достала билет, то завтра бы уехала. 7. Если бы не наш учитель, я бы не узнала так много интересного. 8. Если бы он не проглядел (overlook) этой ошибки, он бы теперь не переделывал весь проект сначала. 9. Если бы мне довелось писать статью на эту тему, я бы не стал приводить (cite) столько цитат. 10. Если бы я хорошо ходил на лыжах, я бы обязательно принял участие в соревнованиях.