PERFECT TENSES

(Active Voice, Affirmative Form)

Ex.4. Read and translate the following sentences and determine their tense-forms:

1. He has estimated that pain management remains an important consideration in dental care and patient management. 2. Another approach has involved combining analgesics that target both peripheral and central pain pathways. 3. Recent studies have shown that these drugs can reduce deaths from various diseases. 4. Research works have given the possibility to find out that pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. 5. Physiologists have classified conventional analgesics into opioids and nonopioids

 

PERFECT TENSES

(Active Voice, Interrogative Form)

Ex.5. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

Tense	Questioning word	Auxiliary verb	Subject	Predicate	Example
Present Perfect Tense	What Why Where How many	have has	I, you, we they   he, she, it	V3	What has the scientist determined this year?
Past Perfect Tense	How much	had	I, he, she, it, you, we, they	V3	How many parts had the cell divided into by 5 o’clock yesterday?
Future Perfect Tense		shall will	I, we   he, she, it, you, they	have + V3	What text will Helen have translated by 3 o’clock tomorrow?

 

Ex.6. Translate the following interrogative sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Has the computer analyzed the patient's condition? 2. Have these authors published their medical articles? 3. What inventions in dentistry has Black made? 4. What hospitals have the Romans established? 5. What countries has the child mortality declined in during the last decade? 6. Why have they used these methods of treatment?

 

Ex.7. Make the following sentences interrogative:

1. The practitioner has combined drugs when managing moderate to severe pain. 2. Physiologists have estimated that nervous tissue conducts electrical signals. 3. They have noted excessive activity of tissues. 4. The scientists have discussed physiological changes occurring during disease. 5. By 2020, the number of people over 60 will have grown to one billion. 6. The physiologists have determined the structure of the bone. 7. Acute pain has caused the patient to seek help from healthcare professionals. 8. A significant amount of research has focused on determining the processes that initiate tooth development. 9. The organic matrix has contained the material needed for dentine formation. 10. The patient has complained of bad toothache and high temperature.