Epithet

1. simple epithet – “mildly”;

2. two-step epithet – adverb+ adjective –“ awfully beautiful”;

3. syntactical epithet – (a modifier and a thing modified) – “a book of joy”;

She opened the megaphone of her mouth.

4. compound epithet – (compound words) – a heart-burning sigh;

5. phrase epithet – She gave me a quickly-kiss-me-look;

There was a man with a don’t-say-anything-to-me face.

6. sentence- My love! I adore you!

Antonomasia

a) a proper name is used instead of a common noun (metaphorical antonomasia):

e.g. He’s a Napoleon of crime.

b) a common noun is used instead of proper name:

e.g. Mrs. Blue Eyes, don’t make eyes on me!

c) a descriptive word combination is used instead of a proper name:

e.g. Mr. Something-Somebody is waiting for you.

I recommend you three doctors: Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air.

2. Lexical-syntactical SD

Simile

”like”, “as…as”, “as…if” to compare objects.

e.g. …the sense of the beach which on March nights gleamed like powdered light.

Antithesis

Ex. To err is human; to forgive – divine;

Why should I dress up? When I’m at home everyone recognizes me; and when I’m in town, nobody recognizes me.

Climax

e.g. clever- talented – genius (ascending)

chaos – waste- cries (descending);

Ex. A city life is environmentally unhealthy, chronically dangerous and morally corrupting.

A sudden reversal of expectations which are caused by climax is called Anticlimax

(sequence of ideas that abruptly diminish in dignity or importance at the end of the sentence or passage, generally for satirical effect):

Ex. Among the great achievements of Benito Mussolini’s regime were the revival of strong national consciousness, the expansion of the Italian Empire and the running of the trains on time.

Ex. One needs a perfect memory to forget everything.

Periphrasis

e.g. the fair sex

the cap and gown – студенты

Euphemism

e.g. the use of “lavatory” or “restroom” for “toilet”; “pass away” for “die”.