Glossary
| to appoint (v) | назначать |
| to be in charge of ; syn. to be responsible for | отвечать за что-либо |
| to collect (v) | собирать |
| customs business | таможенное дело |
| customs house | таможня |
| customs regime | таможенный режим |
| customs service | таможенная служба |
| customs tariff | таможенный тариф |
| duty (n) | пошлина |
| сustoms duty | таможенная пошлина |
| an excise (n) | акциз |
| аn excise officer; syn. excise collector | акцизный чиновник |
| foreign trade | внешняя торговля |
| free trade | свободная торговля |
| goods (pl) | товары |
| in shifts | посменно |
| issue (v) | выписывать, выдавать, издавать |
| legislation (n) | законодательство |
| to levy (v) | облагать, взимать |
| spirits (pl) (n) | алкогольные напитки |
| a statute (n) syn. law, act | закон |
| to protect (v) | защищать |
| protection (n) | защита |
| protectionist (adj) | протекционистский |
| to regulate (v) | регулировать |
| to regulate export and import | регулировать экспорт и импорт |
| a voucher (n) | ваучер |
UNIT 2
Лексическая тема: «Russian Customs».
Грамматическая тема: Система времен английского глагола. Действительный залог. Времена группы Perfect. Времена группы Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive).
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RUSSIAN CUSTOMS
The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga in Tatar, meant “Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement showing that it had been paid”. Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased from the State. The right was often given to powerful merchants.
The Russian Customs service, however, predates even the Mongol-Tatar yoke (1237-1480). Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of the individual princedoms.
Thus, Russia has had a Customs service in some form during the past 1000 years. Moreover, for almost all of that history, it has been much more than a force for keeping out contraband. In fact, it has been a powerful administrative body, serving mainly protectionist interests.
The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation. A special tsar’s certificate was required for trading further inside the country.
Such protectionismwent on for most of the next 300 years. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.