А)Перевод реалий

bush (пространство, покрытые кустарником в Австралии);

purlieu (королевские лесные угодья, переданные частным владельцам);

oasis;

ü bamboo (бамбук);

ü hemp palm (веерная пальма);

ü apteryx (киви-птица);

II. Этнографические реалии:

ü Brown Betty;

ü rotisserie (ресторан, где мясо жарят при публике);

ü D-ration (сухой паек типа D. Состоит из витаминизированного шоколада, выдается в армии);

ü Toby jug (пивная кружка);

ü tavern;

ü double-decker;

ü EL-elevated railway (воздушная железная дорога);

ü removal-van (фургон для перевозки мебели);

ü farmer;

ü okie (странствующий с/х рабочий);

ü lasso;

ü boomerang;

ü ranch house;

ü price-ring (монополистическое объединение промышленников с целью повышения цен);

ü roundelay (коротенькая песенка с припевом);

ü hula;

ü ragtime (форма городской танцевальной бытовой музыки);

ü rub-a-dup (барабанный бой);

ü double drum (турецкие барабаны);

ü banjo;

ü saga;

ü vampire;

ü buckeye (подделка в искусстве);

ü dream factory (фабрика грез. Одно из образных названий Голливуда);

ü 5 o’clock;

ü bran-tub (кадка с отрубями, в которую прячут рождественские подарки);

ü bridesmaid (подружка невесты);

ü Mother’s day (день матери, офиц. Праздник, отмечается во 2-е воскресенье мая, в этот день оказывается внимание матери и всем женщинам в доме, дарят подарки)

ü Halloween;

8. этнические объекты;

ü red Indian (североамериканский индеец);

ü Filipino Americans (американцы филиппинского происхождения);

ü Yankee;

ü Roundhead (пуританин);

9. меры и деньги.

ü yard (91,44 см);

ü foot;

ü sovereign (золотая монета в 1 фунт);

ü shilling;

ü dime;

ü nickel;

III.Общественно политические реалии:

10. административное устройство: административно – территориальное устройство, населенные пункты и его части;

ü county;

ü the shires (центр графства Англии);

ü the Home Counties (графства, прилегающие к Лондону);

ü inner city;

ü hundred (крупный город);

11. органы и носители власти;

ü caucus (влиятельная группировка внутри партии);

ü Council;

ü Rex (британская система правосудия);

ü sheriff;

ü Baron;

ü earl;

12. общественно-политическая жизнь:

ü Quaker (член секты, отвергающий церковные обряды);

ü Ku-Klux Clan;

ü Union Jack;

ü Stars and Stripes;

13. Военные реалии: подразделения, оружие, обмундирование, военнослужащие.

ü American Legion (ассоциация ветеранов в Америке);

ü Fat Man (кодовое название атомной бомбы, которую сбросили США на г. Нагасаки);

ü Beefeater (лейб-гвардеец охраны Тауэра).

Переходя к анализу практических способов передачи реалий, отметим, что одним из основных условий верной передачи реалий является знание и понимание переводчиком фактов объективной действительности, точное понимание переводимого текста. Значит, помимо знаний языка, переводчик должен в достаточной мере обладать и экстралингвистическими знаниями, поскольку, по мнению Б.И. Репина, «информация, содержащаяся в реалии, вытекает из существующей действительности (…) и суть проблемы передачи этой информации в том, чтобы найти средства, которые обеспечили бы верность передачи этой информации, т.е. предметное и эмоциональное значение реалии, выраженное средствами языка оригинала, не подлежит изменению в процессе перевода, форма же может меняться».

Итак, если переводчику в тексте встречаются реалии, он должен:

определить, существует ли это слово в переводящем языке;

если да, то соответствует ли это слово по значению переводящему слову;

нужно определить, каков графический и фонетический облик этого слова.

Согласно мнению большинства лингвистов, возможности передачи реалий сводятся к следующим основным случаям:

1.Транскрипция и транслитерация;

2.Калькирование (или дословный перевод) и полу-калькирование (напр. Decembrist);

3.Использование аналога (или обобщённо-приблизительный перевод);

4.Описательный (разъяснительный) перевод;

5. Освоение или адаптация иноязычной реалии (консьержка);

6. Семантический неологизм (от Watergate – contragate – незаконная операция с наркотиками)

´ Прочитайте теорию о способах перевода реалий в учебнике С.П. Романовой и А.Л. Коралловой «Пособие по переводу с английского на русский» на с. 32-36. Ответьте на вопрос: в чем суть каждого из способов и в чем их достоинства и недостатки?

 Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на реалии. Прокомментируйте способ их перевода:

1. He went to the telephone and placed a person-to-person call, collect, to Mrs. Evelyn Hollenbach.

2. “Peace and prosperity” remains the GOP’s best theme.

3. A radio was playing country music.

4. He became a public relations agent for general Electric, New York.

5. In the U.S. Labor Day is always celebrated on the first Monday in September.

6. On Saturday night Slim took the young man to a beer hall for a few drinks and a game of darts.

7. The customs officer asked me to step into the office. I entered the room where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack.

8. “By the way, that is your green Ford at a parking meter outside, isn’t it?” “Yes, why?” “There’s a traffic warden putting a parking ticket on it.”

9. The 180-ton ship “Mayflower”, carrying the Pilgrim Fathers to their new life across the Atlantic, left England on September 6^th, 1620.

10. About 4,600 years ago – or maybe more – the Stone Age inhabitants of Britain started building an enormous stone structure. This structure is now called Stonehenge, and it is near Salisbury, in the South of England.

11. Youth hostels, for the most part, offer safe, clean, budget accommodations and are located in most major cities across the USA.

12. The popularity of Beds & Breakfasts is growing in America.

13. The Prime-Minister spoke а few words from a window in No. 10.

14. Parked by а solicitor’s office opposite the I was a green Aston-Martin tourer.

15. “This lonely and downcast woman represents the middle layer in the generational sandwich”.

16. Tony and Buzz Barrel have always dreamt of taking their two-man variety show from their country home in Little While, Kansas to the Big Apple, and now they’ve finally arrived.

17. There were pills and medicine all over the place, and everything smelled like Vicks’ Nose Drops.

18. Against my will I felt pleased that he should have considered my remarks interesting, though I knew that it was Dale Carnegie stuff, a small apparently casual compliment.

‚ Переведите следующие предложения:

2. Every man in town must have treated me to a Dixie Cup or a box of Cracker Jack.

3. From Catherine’s satchel we took a rose and gold scrapquilt.

4. The next day, Friday, I came home to find outside my door a grandluxe Charles & Co basket with her card.

5. He bought a ticket for a Greyhound bus.

6. It was a straw skimmer decorated with a cluster of celluloid fruit.

7. We got out a deck of Rook cards.

8. She ends up at the bottom of a bottle of Seconals.

9. She got the best grades, straight A’s.

10. She was writing in pencil on a pad of coarse cress paper.

11. They ordered two steaks medium rare, baked potatoes, French fries, fried onions, succotash, side dishes of macaroni and hominy, salad with Thousand Island dressing, cinnamon rolls, apple pie and ice cream, and coffee.

12. The bold and bloody impression of a Cat’s Paw half sole.

13. He rang open his cash register, and produced a manila envelope.

14. The Indian and myself then entered the wigwam, and without ceremony seated ourselves upon blocks of wood covered with foxskins.

15. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter.

17. «… my grandfather, Mr. Lemuel Cockloft, had quietly settled himself at the Hall».

18. ... for desert you got Brown Betty, which nobody ate ...

ƒ Переведите следующие предложения:

1. An old squaw sat at a very small distance, and, after cutting off the heads and extracting the entrails, hung the fish in the smoke to preserve them against the time of winter.

2. Just before the war was ended he had a famous brush with the Cherokees.

3. He was generally seen trooping like a colt at his mother’s heels, equipped in a pair of his father’s cast-off galligaskins, which he had much ado to hold up with one hand.

4. He even ventured to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavour of excellent Hollands.

5. Two seamen were much astonished to find themselves seated in an ale-house.

6. In fact, I almost lived in my rockaway for the time.

7. On the Eve of St. John, they felled whole acres of the forest to make bonfires.

8. …and when sport itself grew wearisome, they made game of their own stupidity, and began a yawning match.

9. Away went Bullet, as if in a quarter race, with all his beauties spread in handsome style.

10. You’d better let me lend you a guinea or so that I’ve got to spare.

11. The old men thought hardly of him because he never seemed ambitious of earning a farting.

12. The boy would then leave the office, jingling a few pence.

13. My two scriveners were fain to moisten their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs.

14. I will never be a slave to sit upon the kitchen heat, with trencher on my lap, and eat, full in the envious eyes of Towser.

15. That settlement was a mighty ugly thorn in the sides of us Whigs.

16. During the session of the Superior Court, in the village of -, about three weeks ago I observed a young man.

17. At all events, if nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him.

18. I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem.

19. I shall be sufficiently happy if I can give a tolerable twang to a Jew’s-harp.

„ Переведите предложения:

1. In many parts of Great Britain, the custom of First-footing in the early hours of January 1^st is kept with great vigor. The First Foot comes as soon as possible after midnight has struck. The First Foot is traditionally supposed to influence fortunes of the householders in the following twelve months.

2. The Old and unusual game known as the Hood Game, or Throwing the Hood, is played every year on Old Christmas Day, January 6^th at Haxey in north Lincolnshire. The ceremonies of Haxey Hood begin in the early afternoon with the procession of the. Fool and his twelve Boggans up the village street to a small green place outside the parish church. The Boggans are the official team and play against all comers. Chief among them is the King Boggan, or Lord of the Hood, who carries a wand, or roll of thirteen willows as a badge of office. He and all his team should wear scarlet flannel coats and hats wreathed with red flowers. The “hoods” used in the game bear no resemblance to the headgear from which they are supposed to take their name. The main hood, or Leather Hood, is a two-foot length of thick rope encased in stout leather. The lesser ‘hoods’ are tightly-rolled pieces of canvas, tied with ribbons.

3. Jack-in-the-Green is that very ancient figure who represents the Summer. As Green George, or the Wild Man, his counterparts exist all over Europe. In England, he takes the form of a man encased in a high wickerwork cage which completely covers him and is in its turn entirely smothered in green branches, leaves and flowers. Only his eyes are visible, looking through the hole cut in the cage, and his feet below the level of the wicker-work. Sometimes he goes about alone, sometimes with only a few attendants, and a musician or two.

4. Egg-shackling takes place on Easter Monday, or Ducking Monday, as it is often called in Eastern Europe. Young men splash unmarried girls vigorously with water. The girls are, of course, expected to submit with good grace, and even, in some areas, to pay for the privilege with gifts of painted eggs, or glasses of brandy.

… Переведите следующий текст, обращая внимание на передачу реалий:

The word Zen is the Japanese form of the Chinese word Ch’an, which is the Chinese form of the Indian word Dhyana, meaning a particular kind of meditation. The Buddha, 2,500 years ago in India, taught the importance of this kind of meditation in achieving enlightenment. A thousand later, we are told, Bodhidhar-ma, and Indian missionary, took this message to China. There, followers of Lao Tzu assimilated it to their way of life, called Taoism. Their attitude of going along with the nature of things, the Tao, harmonized with the non-self-assertive, none raving acceptance of life, as taught originally in India by the Buddha and then in China by Bodhidharma. This school of Buddhism was called Ch’an. The great arts of the Sung dynasty in China (960-1280) were created primarily by Ch’an-trained people.

When monks brought Ch’an to Japan in the twelfth century, it developed even more rapidly and influenced the culture even more profoundly than it had in China. Called Zen by its converts, it shaped not only the religion of the people but also the orientation of the creative workers in sculpture, painting, architecture, landscape gardening, house furnishing, theatre – even bushido, the code of the warrior, and the arts of swordsmanship and archery.

† Переведите следующий текст: