ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words
contain [kqn`tein] содержать
plasma[`plxzmq] плазма
microscopical[`maikrq`skoupikql] микроскопический
element[`elimqnt] элемент
erythrocyte [i`riTrousait] эритроцит
leucocyte[`ljHkousait] лейкоцит
thrombocyte [`TrOmbqsait}] тромбоцит
bone marrow [`mxrou] костный мозг
transport[ tra:ns`pLt] транспортировать, переносить
convert[kqn`vq:t]преобразовывать,превращать
carry[`kxri] переносить
arrive[q`raiv] прибывать
expel[ik`spel] вытеснять, выводить
catabolism [`kxtqbqlizm] катаболиз
hemoglobin (haemoglobin) [`himou`gloubin] гемоглобин
agranulocyte[q`grxnjulqsait] агранулоцит
cytoplasm[`saitqplxzm] цитоплазм
granulocyte[`grxnjulqsait] гранулоцит
eosinophil[`i:sinqfil] иозофил
basophil[`beisqfil] базофил
neutrophil[`njHtrqfil] нейтрофил
node [noud] узел
spleen[splJn] селезенка
lymphocyte[`limfqsait] лимфоцит
monocyte [`mOnqsait] моноцит
platelet[`pleitlit] тромбоцит
tiny[`taini] крошечный
blood clotting [`klOtiN] свертываемость крови
occur[q`kW] происходить, случаться
remain[ri`mein] оставаться
coagulation [`kougju`leiSn] коагуляция
complete [kqm`plJt] заканчивать
TEXT
BLOOD
Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxigen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.
Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.
Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.
Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed.
The body contains about five litres of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.
The red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin, which gives the blood its red colour. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.
For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with haemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the haemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough haemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxigen. This condition is called anaemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia.
The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.
The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.