Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1. The walls of the arteries and veins are thicker than those of the capillaries. The former are less permeable for fluid. 2. There are no blood capillaries in certain parts of the body. These are the epidermis, epithelium and some others. 3. We call the valve that separates the chambers, the atrium and the ventricle the mitral valve. 4. Both the superior and inferior venae cavae empty into the right atrium. Both carry venous blood.

Упражнение З. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является предметом обсуждения. 2) Найдите предложения, где употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые во времени Perfect; б) прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени; в) слова because, because of. 2) Переведите эти предложения.

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, Almost all parts of the body are vascular. Minute and very close-set canals, wMcl^iav? opened iijtp one another traive^se them and constitute а 8ща|1_:ще!шЦ ЛЙ^отк¹ ^The canals or rather tubes have distinct but very deticatc^afls. The walls contain a membrane that includes a number of thin epithelial cells, which are bound (связаны) together at their edges. There is a small oval ijtuileu&irfeach^ of these cells. These tubes are the blood capillaries. They vary in diameter from 7 to 12 mm. But there are certain parts of the body in which these blood capillaries

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have been absent. These are the epidermis and epithelium, thejtiail^ and hairs, the substance of the teeth and the transient с&пба'ш the eye.

Tiny rings of muscles, precapillary '-sphincters, regulate the flow of blood into capillaries. The question of nervous control of the precapillary sphincters still remains the subject of the study. ^л <j '• i ' '

The capillary tubes contain the red fluid, blood. They join on opposite sides and form larger tubes, with thicker walls, which are the smallest arteries on the one side, and veins, on the ptljer. Thepe again ^oin on to larger arteries and veins, which ultimately соттищсЯе с^ a few principal arterial^and^Verid!^ trunks with the heart. The me|fc fact that the walls of these vessels are thicker than those of the capillaries constitutes an important difference between the capillaries and the small arteries and veins.

The most important difference between these vessels and the capillaries, however, is that their walls are pot onlvjhicker, but also more complex. They have got several c&fts* рщ at teasi, oY wftich lias been muscular. The number and even nature* 6? these coats differ according to the size because the vessels are not the same in the veins as in arteries, though the smallest veins and arteries resemble each other.

The venous system starts with the vefiule^'into "which the capillaries empty. S^all veins join and form larger ones. The larger veins join and form the vehde tivae. superior^ vena caya collects the blood from the head, neck, arms, and thorax, and the inferior Ventfcava, from the legs and abdomen. Both empty into the right atrium.

Pressure in the venous system is low. In the vein at the level of the heart the pressure would be more than 5—7 mm Hg.¹ It is evident that in the erect position blood,that returns to the heart from the feet has to overcome the force of gravity through a distance of about 4 ft.² Veins, probably because^ of the low blood pressure and the absence of pulse waves, are in comparlsimtk arteries, relatively intimune to disease. Phlebitis sometimes occurs; this is the formaiton of blood clots within veins because of some infectious process in their walls.

Notes — ;* . , .

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1. 5-7 mm Hg - 5—7 millimeters of Mercury

2. 4 ft-4 feet (foot = 30,5 centimetres)

Упражнение 5.Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль каждого данного суждения, и прочтите их.

1. The capillaries form a small-meshed network. 2. The blood capillaries are absent in some parts of the body. 3. There are some differences

72 0- Learning to Understand a Medical Text

between the veins, arteries and capillaries. 4. The veins are more immune to diseases than the arteries. 5. Phlebitis is due to some infection.