Часть I Слова к части I
cardiovascular [ ka:diou'vaeskju:b] a
сердечно-сосудистый circulate ['s9:kju:leit] v циркулировать circulation [,s9:kju:'leijn] n кровообращение circulatory[,sd:kju:leitdn] а циркуля-
торный artery ['cutan] n артерия vein [vein] n вена capillary [ka'piten] n капилляр thorax ['0o:raeks] п грудная клетка thoracic [09'raesik] а грудной atrium ['eitriam] n предсердие
auricle ['э:пк1] п предсердие
ventricle ['ventnkl] n желудочек
valve [vaelv] n клапан
pump[рлтр] v накачивать; п насос
aorta [efo:t9] n аорта
dissolve [di'zolv] v растворять(ся)
nourish['nAriJ] v питать(ся)
nourishment ['nAriJmant] n питание
while [wail] cj в то время, как; тогда
как impurity[im'pju:9nti] n примесь fluid['fluid] n жидкость minute [mai'nju:t] а маленький,
мельчайший
УпражненияУпражнение 1.Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов.
to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give
Упражнение 2. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во временах группы Perfect (см. таблицу в § 12 Грамматического справочника).
1. called; has called; is calling; 2. had thought; think; is thought; 3. shall have come; came; comes; 4. have given; gave; will give; 5. distinguish; has distinguished; distinguishes
Упражнение З. Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в следующих предложениях.
1. We have just learned the general structure of the body. 2. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury. 3. All the bones of the body are of different types. 4. Muscles are constantly assisting in the body movement. 5. The doctor had already examined the girl's heart when the professor came in. 6. We shall have got the books in anatomy by tomorrow morning.
Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие группы слов. Найдите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.
more flexible bony tissue, lower arm, less compact bone, inner portion, the longest bone, the most difficult test
Lesson 3 ♦ 65
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения; определите, какую функцию выполняют слова because и because of.
1. Penicillin is an important antibiotic because of its antiseptic properties. 2. Many infectious diseases are dangerous because it is difficult to treat them. 3. The false ribs received this name because they join the seventh rib at the point before they reach the sternum. 4. Acetabulum got its name because of its resemblance to a rounded cup which the Romans used for acetum.
Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их.
atrium ['eitnam], serum ['sidrem], to contain [кэпЧет], tricuspid Itrai'kAspid], valve [vaelv], oxygen ['эк$к1з(э)п], diaphragm ['daiafraem], blood [bUd]
Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений.
1. By the [э] cardio'vascular /system j we 'mean the /heart, | the |i] /arteries, | the [э] /veins | and the [э] ca'pillaries of the [э] human \body. |
2. From the 'left /heart | the 'well-oxyge'nated /blood | is 'pumped into a 'large /artery j 'called the [i] a\orta. |
3. The /artery j that re'eeives the 'blood from the 'right /ventricle j and 'carries it to the /lungs j is the 'pulmonary \artery. |
Упражнение 8. Запомните значения нижеприведенных суффиксов. Прочтите и переведите производные слова.
1. прилагательное + -1у = наречие: gradual постепенный —gradu
ally постепенно.
anatomically, functionally, finally, freshly
2. -ist— встречается в существительных, обозначающих людей по
профессии, занятию, убеждениям.
ecologist, chemist, anatomist, physiologist
3. -ate[eit] — суффикс глагола.
to communicate, to circulate, to separate, to graduate
4. -ate[it] (-ete, -ite, -ute)— суффикс прилагательных и суще
ствительных.
graduate, delegate, ultimate, accurate, complete, minute
5. -ward(s) - встречается в прилагательных, наречиях, предлогах,
обозначая направление.
towards, upward, downwards, eastward, inward, backward, forward
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66 О Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Упражнение 9.Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.
1. pure, impure, purity, impurity; 2. to weigh, weight, weightless, weighty; 3. to circulate, circulatory, circulation; 4. artery, arterial, ar-teri-ole, arteriosclerosis; 5. to separate, separately, separation; 6. to nourish, nourishment
Упражнение 10.Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.
molecular weight, to put on (to gain) weight, to lose weight, systemic circulation, circulating system, poor circulation, venous pulse blood, thoracic cavity
Упражнение 11,Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на 4 части и выразите основную мысль каждой из них.
Text A The Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
1. The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the cardiovascular system we mean the heart, the arteries, the veins and the capillaries of the human body.
2. The centre of the circulatory^vstem is the heart. The human heart is a cone-shaped organ, about 5 fncties1 long and 3 1/2 inches broad. It weighs about Щ ptynCes2 in the adult male, 6 ounces in the female. It lies in the thorachlTcavity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs. The heart is a holltfw muscle which has four chamber?. The right heart consists of an ilpper chamber, the atrium or the auricle and a Jower chamberX/tJt>e ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way valve, the tncuspla vklve. The left heart has two chambers, but the valve that separates its chambers we call the mitral valve. Although the heart is a unit, anatomically and functionally, we may think of it as of two pumps - the «right heart» and the «left heart». The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs by way of the lesser circulatory system. In the lungs the blood receives oxygen. Then it moves into the left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood moves into a large artery, the aorta. The blood returns to the heart by means of the veins. The_ walls of the capillaries are so thin that the dissolved nourishment that has come from the digestive system and the oxygen that has come from the lungs can pass through them into the tissues of the body and so nourish it. The capillaries form a close network all over the body. They gradually join together and get larger, and become veins.
Lesson 3 О- 67
| Right pulmonary artery |
Left