Text D. The Heart Sounds
When we listen to the heart we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some young persons before the age of 30.
The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of the ventricles when the atrio-ventricular valves close.
The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semi lunar valves close.
The third heart sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricles.
The first and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all the portions of the heart and often over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it is the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is heard loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sound is heard best over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard best over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspaces. The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound.
The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and the doctors determine many cardiac diseases by heart sounds.
XIX. Answer the questions on Text D:
1. How many heart sounds do we hear when we listen to the heart? 2. When is the first heart sound heard? 3. When is the second heart sound heard? 4. At what moment is the third heart sound heard? 5. Where is the first heart sound heard louder? 6. Over the surface of what valves is the first heart sound heard loudest? 7. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 8. In which costal interspaces is the first heart sound heard best? 9. In which costal interspaces is the second heart sound heard best? 10. Which of the two sounds—the aortic or the pulmonic is louder normally? 11. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine?
UNIT 2. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
Правила чтения: Буквосочетания ew, eu, ue; буква u после r, 1, j. Словообразование: Суффикс -ian;
префиксы di-, a-, ab-, be-, com-, con-, pre-, de-, ex-, per-. Грамматика: Согласование времен. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения.
в) discontinue, disorganize, discover, discovery, disconnect, disconnection r) absorption, become, complete, conclusion, exchange, perform, explain, prevent, decrease, depend, amount
III. Запомните чтение следующих слов:
psychology [sai'kobd3i], process ['prouses], absorption [ab'soipjn], diffusion [di'f]u:3n], phenomenon [fi'nominan] (pi phenomena [П'пэтшэ])
IV. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
observe [ab'zaiv] v наблюдать за; изучать, следить investigate [in'vestigeit] о исследовать isolate ['aisaleit] v отделять, изолировать; выделять combine [kam'bain] v соединять; объединять able ['eibl] а способный, умелый; to be able быть в состоянии, мочь conclusion [кэп'к1и:зп] п вывод, заключение; to draw a conclusion сделать вывод
accomplish [a'komplij] v выполнять; заканчивать; завершать exchange [iks'tfeind3] п обмен; v обменивать(ся) due [dju:] а обусловленный, должный, надлежащий, соответствующий; due toргр вследствие; благодаря, из-за, в связи с; в результате; to be due to обуславливаться
solution [sa'l u:Jn] n раствор; растворение salt [so:lt] n соль
prove [pru:v] у доказывать; доказать; оказаться transfer ['traensfa:] n перенос; передача; [traens'fa:] v переводить, перемещать
enable [I'neibl] v давать возможность (право)
V. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
1.prove [pru:v]: to prove facts, to prove to smb that, he proved that he was right, he was able to prove that;
2.conclusion [кэп'к1и:зп]: a right conclusion, in conclusion, to come to the conclusion that..., to draw a conclusion;
3.accomplish [a'komplij]: accomplishment, to accomplish the observation, the accomplishment of the respiratory process;
4.due [dju:] to: due to his illness, due to a high temperature, in due time, his bad condition was due to a high blood pressure;
5.investigate [in'vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells
VI. Переведите следующие предложения, определите времена сказуемых:
1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.
VII. Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод придаточных дополнительных предложений. Сопоставьте времена сказуемых главного и придаточных предложений. Ответьте на вопросы:
- живет в Киеве.
- жил в Киеве.
|
| he lived in Kiev, he had lived in Kiev, he would live in Kiev. |
| Он сказал, что |
■ будет жить в Киеве.
1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается:
а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык? б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения? в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем? (см. стр....)
VIII. * Выберите предложения, в которых действия главного и придаточного происходят одновременно. Переведите эти предложения:
1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful. 4. It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.
IX. От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов a) '-ion(-ation)', б) '-ment' и переведите эти существительные (письменно):
a) investigate, observe, combine, complete, isolate, found, conclude 6) accomplish, achieve, measure, establish, state, appoint
X. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:
to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth; on the basis of smth, to work on the problem
XI. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите: а) слова, имеющие сходное звучание с русскими, и переведите предложения с этими словами; б)
предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их; скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, а из 5-го — о газообмене.