Fill in the gaps with the proper Past Tenses. Don’t forget to put the verb into Active or Passive Voice.

Let’s review the history of genetic engineering. A scientist named Werner Arber 1. __________(study) bacterial viruses. As a graduate student at the University of Geneva in the 1950’s, he studied with a physics professor who 2. ____________(convert) from doing pure physics to biophysics. This was the 1950’s, the DNA structure and the double helix just 3. _____________ (announce), and genes were the rage in science. Even physicists 4. __________(catch) the biology bug at that period of time.

During the period of from 1960 to 1970 the scientists 5. __________(undertake) experiments with viruses and bacteria. Experiments 6.____________(include) the cloning of mice and the adding of genes to bacteria for the purposes of reproduction.

By the 1980's, scientists 7. ______________(introduce) positive proof that genes could be transferred from one plant to another and 8.____________(patent) the first genetically engineered plant. This decade 9. ______________(produce) many advances in the field.

In the early 1990s California company 10. ____________(create) a tomato, which was the first commercially grown genetically modified food crop. The tomato 11. ___________(use) to make tomato puree that 12.____________(sell) in Europe in the mid-1990s.

In 1997, a lamb born in Scotland 13.____________(become) an instant celebrity. An exact duplicate of her six-year-old mother, Dolly was the first animal cloned from the cells of an adult. Other animals previously 14. __________(clone) from the cells of embryos, but Dolly was the first animal to come from an adult. The cloning of Dolly 15. ____________(involve) several steps. First, the scientists previously 16. ______________(take) the cells from Dolly’s mother and the cells 17. ________________(starve) for five days, which 18. ____________(cause) them to stop dividing. The interruption of the cells’ division cycle 19. _____________(make) it easier for them to reprogram themselves to start growing a new organism. After five days, the nuclei of these cells 20. ________________(remove) and transferred into an unfertilized sheep egg, from which the natural nucleus previously 21. _________________(remove). In the next step, the egg was grown in the laboratory for a period of time. Then the egg was implanted into a different sheep, where it 22. ______________(grow) normally for the certain period of time. When the sheep finally 23. _____________(give) birth, the lamb was an exact genetic copy, or clone, of the sheep that 24 _______________(provide) the transferred nucleus, not the sheep that 25. ______________(provide) the egg.

2. Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:

 

1)for human or animal consumption	a)
2)improved nutritional content	b)
3)devastating financial loss	c)
4)the food treated with pesticides	d)
5)eliminate the application of	e)
6)a time-consuming and expensive process	f)
7)sensitive seedlings	g)
8)an antifreeze gene	h)
9)edible vaccines	i)
10)an unexpected and negative impact on human health	j)
11)agri-biotech companies	k)

 

3. Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

 

1) самые последние технологии молекулярной биологии	a)
2) быстро растущее население	b)
3) голод в развивающихся странах	c)
4) возможная опасность для здоровья	d)
5) чрезмерное употребление пестицидов и удобрений	e)
6) полоть сорняки	f)
7) разбрызгивать\распылять большое количество гербицидов	g)
8) переносить холодные температуры	h)
9) угрожающая жизни аллергия	i)
10) представлять риск для здоровья	j)
11) помещать «ген-самоубийцу» в	u)