Oil and Gas Composition

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

Санкт-Петербургский государственный горный институт им. Г.В. Плеханова

(технический университет)

 

 

А.И. Михеев, М.А. Перфилова

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

 

Методические указания для студентов

по специальности «нефть и газ»

 

 

Санкт-Петербург

 

УДК 802.0 (075.80)

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК.Методические указания для студентов по специальности «нефть и газ» / Санкт-Петербургский государственный горный ин-т. Составители: А.И. Михеев, М.А. Перфилова: СПб, 2007. 61 с.

 

 

Методические указания предназначены для студентов по специальности нефтегазовое дело, изучающих английский язык.

Изучение материала преследует цель развития навыков и умений чтения и перевода литературы по специальности с последующим использованием извлеченной информации для речевой практики.

Методические указания состоят из текстовых блоков и упражнений, направленных на активизацию познавательной деятельности обучающихся, освоение нового лексического материала и для развития коммуникативных навыков на английском языке, что позволяет мотивировать интерес к будущей специальности.

 

 

Библиогр.: 11.

 

 

Научный редактор: доц. А. И. Михеев

 

  © Санкт-Петербургский горный институт им Г. В. Плеханова, 2007г.

 

 

UNIT 1

OIL AND GAS

Text 1

Ex.1 Read and translate the text.

Ex. 2 Answer the questions:

  1. What is crude oil?
  2. Where is crude oil found?
  3. What are the primary elements in oil composition?
  4. What factors do oil properties depend on?
  5. What is the synonym to «crude oil»?
  6. What is natural gas?
  7. What is the main component of natural gas?
  8. Where are different oil and gas components separated?

 

Ex.3 Supply the text with the suitable title.

Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-to-black liquid and is usually found in underground areas called reservoirs. Crude oil is a mixture of thousands of chemicals and compounds, primarily hydrocarbons with minor proportions of other chemicals such as compounds of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. To use the different parts of the mixture they must be separated from each other. This separation is called refining. In the refinery, most of these non - hydrocarbon substances are removed and the oil is broken down into its various components, and blended into useful products.

The elemental composition of crude oil is fairly constant:

  • Carbon - 83 to 87%
  • Hydrogen - 10 to 14%
  • Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2%
  • Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5%
  • Sulphur - 0.05 to 6%

Crude oils from different parts of the world, or even from different depths in the same oilfield, contain different mixtures of hydrocarbons and other compounds. This is why they vary from light coloured volatile liquids to thick, dark oils - so viscous that they are difficult to pump from the ground.

Crude oil is properly known as petroleum. From the Latin the word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."

Natural gas is comprised of a mixture of gases, mainly hydrocarbons, found in geological formations. Methane is the principal component, generally comprising from 87 per cent to 97 per cent by volume of the hydrocarbons depending on the source of the gas. The chemical formula for methane is CH4 - that is, a molecule of methane has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

In addition to methane (CH4), natural gas also contains small percentages of:

  • ethane (C2H6)
  • propane (C3H8)
  • butane (C4H10)
  • pentane (C5H12)
  • nitrogen, oxygen, water and carbon dioxide

These components are separated from the methane at a gas fractionation plant.

 

Text 2

Oil and Gas Composition

hydrocarbons – углеводороды

to devour, v – поглощать, уничтожать

aerobic bacteria – анаэробные бактерии

paraffins – парафиновые углеводороды

branched carbon rings – разветвленные кольца углерода

to saturate, v – насыщать

stable compound – стойкое соединение

naphthenes – нафтеновые углеводороды

side chain- боковая цепь

aromatics- ароматические углеводороды

to attach, v – присоединять, прикреплять

boiling point –точка кипения

 

The oil and gas consist of hydrocarbons, molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen. These hydrocarbons cannot exist for very long at the surface of Earth because they are attacked by oxygen and devoured by bacteria that live in surroundings where air is present (aerobic bacteria). Thus, they are quite rapidly transformed into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Incidentally, hydrocarbons do not exist in deep layers of the Earth because, beyond a certain depth (around 10 km), they would be destroyed, since the temperature is too high (the further you plunge underground, the hotter it becomes).