Quotations

A quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of authority, illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter in hand.

They are mostly used accompanied by a reference to the author of the quotation, unless he is well known to the reader or audience.

A quotation is the exact reproduction of an actual utterance made by a certain author. The work containing the utterance quoted must have been published or at least spoken in public.

Quotations are used as a SD with the aim of expanding the meaning of the sentence quoted and setting two meanings one against the other, thus modifying theoriginal meaning. In this quality they are used mostly in the belles-lettres style. Quotations used in other styles of speech allow no modifications of meaning, unless actual distortion of form and meaning is the aim of the quoter. Quotations are also used in epigraphs. In this case they possess great associative power and call forth much connotative meaning.

Allusions(ссылка, аллюзия)

An allusionis an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical, literary, mythological, biblical fact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing. The use of allusion presupposes knowledge of the fact, thing or person alluded to on the part of the reader or listener. As a rule no indication of the source is given. If quotation must repeat the exact wording of the original, an allusion is only mention of a word or phrase which may be regarded as the key-word of the utterance. An allusion has certain important semantic peculiarities, the primary meaning of the word or phrase is assumed to be known serves as a vessel into which new meaning is poured. So here is also a kind of interplay between two meanings.

Example: "Where is the road now, and its merry incidents of life!...old honest, pimple-nosed coachmen? I wonder where are they, those good fellows? Is old Weller alive or dead? (Thackeray). In this passage in which an allusion is made to the coachman, Old Mr. Weller, the father of Dickens's famous character, Sam Weller. In this case the nominal meaning is broadened into a generalized concept.

Allusions and quotations may be termed nonce-set-expressions,because they are used only for the occasion.