Regulation, Research, and Development in Tourism

The roles of government are vital to tourism. First, govern­ments generally set the policy of their country, state, or locality toward tourism. They also regulate the different components of the industry on the day-to-day basis. Second, they perform re­search and analysis that result in statistics on the tourist industry. Third, they are often involved in the development of tourism in their areas. This is especially true in the developing countries, but it occurs in industrialized areas as well. Fourth, governments are actively engaged in promoting a flow of tourists to their regions with advertising or public relations techniques.

In many countries, tourism is so important that its interests are represented at the ministerial level of government. Even in countries where the tourist industry has less economic impor­tance, there is usually a tourist bureau with official or semi-official status. In the United States there is a Travel Bureau in the De­partment of Commerce.

One of the ways in which countries or regions can promote tourism is by relaxing the kind of regulation that usually comes under the heading of 'red tape'. Travel is made easier when there are no visa requirements and when the entry formalities are sim­ple.

National policy can also discourage tourism. In some cases, this may work to prevent the country's nationals from travelling out­ward. Any country can discourage incoming tourism simply by not providing accommodation and catering services, setting visa and entrance requirements that severely restrict entry, or by restrict­ing the length of time a traveler can stay in that country.

 


TEXTS FOR READING AND TRANSLATION

Hospitality industry

Text 1

Hospitality industry is a current term to refer to a wide range of businesses, dedicated to the service of people away from home. The industry is concerned with their accommodation (provision of places to stay), provision of fare (food at table), transportation (travelling and tours), and recreation (relaxation and entertainment).

The institutions which provide these services have undergone long evolution from the Roman and Greek taverns to the modern restaurants (the term was coined by the Parisian cook Boulanger who called his famous soups "restoratives"), from the Medieval inns to the modern five-star palace hotels, from the Persian khans (combination of stables for camels and sleeping places for people) to modern motels (hotels which provide accommodations for motorists).

Service at these establishments has also undergone changes from discriminatory feeding (different meals served to the guests of different rank), the table d'hote ("table of the host" at which the guests had to eat with the landlord and his family at a nominal cost) to the ordinaries (eating places that served a fixed menu at a fixed price). The nineteenth century established a custom of eating out (having a good meal at a res­taurant as a treat) and created concepts such as a la carte (dishes cooked to order and priced individually), catering (arranging food and drink functions for big groups of people at a restaurant), institutional food service (serving members of particular societal institutions, such as schools, offices, industrial enterprises, etc.).

 

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

Индустрия гостеприимства, относить, ряд, касаться, проживание, режим питания, путешествие, поездка, отдых, развлечение, претерпевать, жилье, дворец, караван-сарай, предоставлять, селективный, владелец дома, ничтожный, столовая, удовольствие, понятие, определенный.

 

2. Match the adjectives in (a) with the nouns in (b).

a) Hospitality, nominal, industrial, different, sleeping, long. discriminatory;

b) Enterprise, rank, feeding, cost, industry, places, evolution.

 

3. Complete the sentences using words from the text:

… industry concerns a wide … of businesses.

The …which provide these … have undergone long evolution.

Motels are … which provide … for motorists.

… is different meals served to the guests of different rank.

Ordinaries were eating places that served a … … at a … …

 

4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Слово «Ресторан» придумал парижский повар Буланже, назвавший свои супы «восстанавливающими силы».

2. Индустрия гостеприимства организует проживание туристов, питание, транспорт и развлечения.

3. Институты, оказывающие эти услуги, претерпели долгую эволюцию.

Text 2

 

Advanced technology of the twentieth century has brought great changes in hospitality industry. People expect a wide range of accommodations and rates: B&B (bed and breakfast) (a rate that combines a night's accommodation with a breakfast the following day), American plan (a rate that includes three meals a day), and European plan (an accommo­dation-only rate that includes no meal). People also expect a wide range of dining choices from full-service restaurants (restaurants that cook to order more than a dozen main-course items) to cafeterias (self-service restaurants where food is displayed on a counter and the guests can pick what they like). The institutional food service establishments of this type are usually called canteens. The fast-paced century created fast food in­dustry (quick-service restaurants that offer limited menus) and a great variety of tourist and leisure facilities, both commercial (which compete for their customers in the open market) and non-commercial (financed from the state budget).

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

Передовая технология, включать, на заказ, основное блюдо, самообслуживание, прилавок, столовая, быстрое питание, ограниченное меню, конкурировать, свободный рынок, финансировать, государственный бюджет.

2. Explain the following terms in English:

B&B

American plan

European plan

Full-service restaurant

Cafeteria

Canteen

3. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:

Progressive, big, to wait for, broad, feed, alternative, to show, to choose, to produce, visitor.

 

Text 3

The word hospitality comes from "hospice", an old French word meaning "to provide care and shelter". The first institutions of this kind, taverns, had existed long before the word was coined. In Ancient Rome they were located on the main roads, to provide food and fresh horses and overnight accommodation for officials and couriers of the government with special documents. The contemporaries proclaimed these inns to be "fit for a king". That is why such documents became a symbol of status and were subject to thefts and forgeries.

Some wealthy landowners built their own taverns on the edges of their estates. Nearer the cities, inns and taverns were run by freemen or by retired gladiators who would invest their savings in this business in the same way that many of today's retired athletes open restaurants. Inn­keepers, as a whole, were hardly the Conrad Hiltons of their day. Inns for common folk were regarded as dens of vice and often served as houses of pleasure. The owners were required to report any customers who planned crimes in their taverns. The penalty for not doing so was death. The death penalty could be imposed merely for watering the beer!

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words:

Гостеприимство, забота, убежище, заведение, существовать, задолго до, дорога, пища, свежие лошади, ночлег, должностное лицо, курьер, современник, провозглашать, воровство, подделка, богатый, поместье, отставной, сбережения, хозяин трактира, клиент, преступление, штраф.

2. Match the adjectives (a) and the nouns (b). Translate the word combinations formed.

a) Old, main, special, fresh, overnight, wealthy, retired;

b) landowner, document, word, accommodation, horses, road, gladiator.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the origin of the word “hospitality”?

2. What were the first hospitality institutions?

3. Where were the first taverns built?

4. What did the taverns provide?

5. Who built taverns?

6. What were inns for common folk regarded as?

7. What penalties are mentioned in the text?

Text 4

After the fall of the Roman Empire, public hospitality for the ordi­nary travelers became the province of religious orders. In these days, the main purpose of travelling was pilgrimage to the holy places. The pilgrims preferred to stay in the inns located close to religious sites or even on the premises of the monasteries. Monks raised their own provisions on their own grounds, kitchens were cleaner and better organized than in private households. So the food was often of a quality superior to that found elsewhere on the road.

As travel increased during the Middle Ages, so did the number of wayside inns. In England, the stagecoach became the favored method of transportation. A journey from London to a city like Bath took three days, with several stopovers at inns or taverns that were also called "post houses". Guests often slept on mattresses put in what would be called the lobby, ate what they had brought with them or what they could purchase from the house. The fare was usually bread, meat, and beer, varied occa­sionally with fish. Frequently, the main dish served was a long-cooked, highly seasoned meat-and-vegetable stew. But the diners who were fre­quenters were not choosy, neither did they often question what they were eating.

 

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words:

Общественный, паломничество, святой, предпочитать, религиозное место, владения, монах, продовольствие, земли, кухня, частное хозяйство, лучший, где-то еще, придорожный, дилижанс, остановка в пути, вестибюль, приобретать, приправленный, обедающий, завсегдатай, привередливый.

 

2. Fill in the words from the text.

 

1) The main purpose of travelling was … to the … places.

2) The pilgrims preferred to stay in the … located close to… ….

3) Monks raised their own … on their own ….

4) The kitchens were better organized than in … ….

5) The number of … … increased during the Middle Ages.

6) The … became the favoured method of transportation.

 

3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1) Основной целью путешествий было паломничество к святым местам.

2) Путешествие из Лондона в Бат занимало три дня.

3) Завсегдатаи были не привередливы.

4) Число трактиров в средневековье возросло.

 

 

Text 5

 

Modern concept of hospitality began to develop in the nineteenth century, which saw more innovations in hospitality than in all previous history. The famed Cesar Ritz, whose name has entered the vocabulary as a synonym for luxury, made restaurant dining at London's Savoy almost a must for the aristocracy of both sexes. He revolutionized hotel restaurants by offering a list (carte in French) of suggestions available from the kitchen. This was the beginning of the a la carte menu. The Americans used their special brand of ingenuity to create something for everyone. In 1848, a hierarchy of eateries existed in New York City. At the bottom was Sweeney's "sixpenny eating house" on Ann Street, whose owner, Daniel Sweeney, achieved questionable fame as the fa­ther of the greasy spoon. Sweeney's less-than-appetizing fare was lite­rally thrown down to his hungry customers, who cared little for the social amenities of dining. At the top of the list was the famous Del-monico's. This restaurant was known as the most expensive in the country.

In the nineteenth century, better methods of preserving food through canning and vacuum packing made out-of-season culinary delights com­monplace. There was also an enormous growth in mass feeding. In schools, until the nineteenth century, no one had ever considered lunches for schoolchildren, because there were so few children who went to school. Canteens for schoolchildren started in France in 1849. The cafeteria concept originated in the California Gold Rush, when prospectors, eager to return to their claims, preferred to stand in line to be served from big communal bowls and pots rather than wait their turn at table.

 

1. Find the English equivalents to the following Russian words:

 

Понятие, развиваться, новшество, предыдущий, роскошь, необходимость, предложение, изобретательность, закусочная, сомнительная слава, прелести, дорогостоящий, консервирование, кулинарные изыски, очередь.

 

2. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:

Present-day, to improve, novelty, preceding, necessity, suggest, to reach, feed, pleasure, trivial, huge, think.

 

3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) В ХIХ веке начала развиваться современная концепция гостеприимства.

2) Имя Сезара Рица стало символом роскоши.

3) В Нью-Йорке существовала иерархия закусочных.

4) Наблюдался быстрый рост в сфере общественного питания.

5) Концепция кафетериев появилась в Калифорнии в период Золотой Лихорадки.

 

 

Text 6

 

The twentieth century brought fast food industry. In 1921, Walter Anderson and Billy Ingram began the White Castle hamburger chains. These eye-catching restaurants were nothing more than a griddle and a few chairs, but people came in droves to these eye-catching restaurants, and within ten years the White Castle had expanded to 115 units. Mar­riott's Hot Shoppe drive-in roadside restaurant opened in 1927, and the word "a carhopper" was coined because as an order taker approached a car, he or she would hop onto its running board. The first motel was opened in San Luis Obispo, not far from Los Angeles, in 1925.

After the stock market crash of 1929 and the Depression, America rebounded with the elegance and deluxe dining of the 1930. By the end of the decade, every city had a deluxe supper club or a night club. The first elegant American restaurant that was not French in style was the Four Seasons. It offered seasonal menus (summer, autumn, winter, spring). Its developer understood why people go to restaurants — to be together and to connect with one another. Modern restaurant exists to create pleasure, and how well it meets this expecta­tion is a measure of its success. The exclusive restaurant of yesterday may be still exclusive restaurant of today, but the less affluent people can choose from great many cheap eating places. Nowadays people have freedom of choice, and they expect to have affordable accommodation, food, and entertainment — things of which hospitality industry is made.

 

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words.

Привлекающий внимание, богатый, общаться, ожидание, по средствам, толпами, в течение, придорожный, удовольствие, развлечение, дешевый.

 

2. Match the adjectives (a) with the nouns (b). Translate the word combinations formed.

(a) Fast, hamburger, eye-catching, roadside, deluxe, seasonal, affluent, affordable.

(b) food, accommodation, people, menu, restaurant, club, restaurant, chain.

 

3. Complete the sentences.

1) The first motel was opened in….

2) Nowadays people expect to have…

3) Modern restaurant exists to ….

4) The first American restaurant was…

5) The word “carhopper” was coined because…