Grammar: Modal Verbs and theirEquivalents

a) necessity, obligation долженствование must (n’t), (don’t) have to, be to, should (n’t) –должен
b) ability, possibility способность, возможность can (‘t), could, be able to – мочь, уметь
c) permission разрешение may, be allowed to – мочь, иметь разрешение

Models:

a) obligation

You must(have to, should) do this work carefully (должен).

You had todo this work yesterday (должен был).

He is tovisit our country next summer (должен, планирует).

You mustn’tcopy (не должен списывать, запрещается).

You shouldn’t tell lies (не должен).

b) possibility, ability

He can(is able to) translate the text himself (может).

He could(was able to) translate this text at the last lesson (мог).

c) permission

I may (am allowed to) work in the laboratory (могу, имею разрешение).

You will be allowed to work in the laboratory next week (разрешат).

 

Choose the English equivalents.

a) Я должен
1. I can 2. I have to 3. I am able to  
b) Он может
1. He must 2. He has to 3. He may
c) Она должна была
1. She was able to… 2. She had to… 3. She was allowed to …
d) Мы могли
1. We had to… 2. We could… 3. We were to …  
e) Они должны были
1. They are allowed… 2. They were able to… 3. They were to …
f) Я смогу, сумею
1. I will be able to… 2. I will be allowed to … 3. I will have to …    
             

Translate the sentences.

1.The student has to prepare carefully his homework. 2.Our University is to train many specialists for the shipbuilding industry. 3.At the last lesson I was able to tell a long story in English. 4.The students of all the faculties are allowed to work at the University or at any other office and plant. 5.My friend was to defend his diploma project in March but he fell ill. 6.I had to carry out experiments with electricity in the physics laboratory yesterday.