The Nature of Ontological Inquiry
Historically, ontologies arise out of the branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, which deals
with the nature of reality, of what exists. The traditional goal of ontological inquiry in particular
is to divide the world “at its joints,” to discover those fundamental categories, or kinds, into
which the world’s objects naturally fall. So viewed, natural science provides an excellent
example of ontological inquiry. For example, a goal of subatomic physics is to develop a
taxonomy of the most basic kinds of objects that exist within the physical world (e.g., protons,
electrons, muons). At the other end of the spectrum, astrophysics, among other goals, seeks to
discover the range of objects that populate its domain (e.g., quasars, black holes, gravity waves).
Similarly, the biological sciences seek to categorize and describe the various kinds of living
organisms that populate the planet. Further examples of ontological inquiry can be observed in
the fields of geology, psychology, chemistry, sociolinguistics, and, in general, any discipline that
attempts to understand the nature of some set of physical, psychological, or social phenomena.
However, this sort of inquiry is not limited to the natural and social sciences. Abstract sciences
as well __mathematics, in particular __attempt to discover and categorize the domain of abstract
objects such as prime numbers, polynomial algorithms, commutative groups, topological spaces,
and so forth.
The natural and abstract worlds of pure science do not exhaust the applicable domains of
ontology. There are vast, human-designed and engineered systems such as manufacturing plants,
businesses, military bases, and universities in which ontological inquiry is just as relevant and
just as important. In these human created systems, ontological inquiry is primarily motivated by
the need to understand, design, engineer, and manage such systems effectively. This being the
case, it is useful to adapt the traditional techniques of ontological inquiry in the natural sciences
to these domains as well.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION………………….......................................................................... 3
Unit1 SELF-TRANING TESTS................................................................................. 4
Unit2 TERM TESTS....................................................................................................9
Unit3 USEFUL WORDS............................................................................................22
Unit4 DIALOGUES…………………………………………………………………27
Unit 5 ДЕЛОВОЙ ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК ……………………………….… 39
Unit6 CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..…46
LITERATURE
Чехович Д.Р. Английский язык для менеджеров . ч.1 Челябинск 2008г.
Антонов О.И. Английский язык для бизнесмена. Москва 2010г.