Old English alphabet

I thank the almighty Creator with all my heart that he has granted to me, a sinful one, that I have, in praise and worship of him, revealed these two books to the unlearned English nation; the learned have no need of these books because their own learning can suffice for them

SUPPLEMENT 4

Old English rules of reading[5]

Древне-английский звук Буквенные обозначения звука в древнеанглийской латинице Древнеанглийское слово с этим звуком Перевод на современный английский

[y (ü)] Y y, i geniht, genyht sufficiency, abundance

[æ] a + e = ae, æ Ælf; æsc elf, fairy; ash-tree

[y: (ü:)] Y y, ie hyran, hieran to hear, learn

[o:] ō os a heathen god

[æ:] a + e = ae, æ fæge doomed to die, fated

[f ] F f faran to go, run, pass

[v] F f (between vowels; between a vowel and a sonant) ofer yrfe over property, live-stock

[w] W w; U u (Nth.) wundor, uundor wonder, miracle

[θ] Þ, ð, Đ, þ Þurh, ðeowman through; serf, servant

[ð] ð, þ (between vowels; between a vowel and a sonant) baþian to bathe

[s] S s spel tale, story

[z] S s (between vowels; between a vowel and a sonant) risan rise

[k] C c (before back vowels and fronted by umlaut vowels) com cynn (Cf. Goth kuni) came kin

[k’], later [t∫] C c (before front vowels) cild child

[sk’], later [∫] Sc sc sceadu shadow, darkness

[g] ჳ, later G g (before back vowels and consonants in initials; before fronted by umlaut vowels; after nasals) God glidan ges singan God glide geese sing

[g’:], later [dჳ] Cg brycg bridge

[j] ჳ, later G g (before front vowels) geolu, geong yellow, young

[χ] H h (after back vowels) sohte to seek

[γ] ჳ, later G g with back vowels (between and after back vowels; after r, l) dagas slog sorg folgian days killed sorrow follow

[γ’] ჳ, later G g (between and after front vowels) weg way

[χ’] H h (after front vowels) niht night

geminated consonants [θ: l: r: n: m: f: s: , etc.] doubling (only between vowels) siþþan, tellan, steorra, gewinnan, swimman, offrian, cyssan, etc. since, tell, star, to conquer, swim, offer, kiss, etc.

SUPPLEMENT 5

Middle English spelling changes[6]

Древнеанглийский звук Древнеанглийская орфография Среднеанглийский звук Среднеанглийская орфография

[k’], later [t∫] C c cild [t∫] ch child

[sk’], later [∫] sc sceal [∫] schal, shal schal, shal

[g] ჳ [g] G g

[g’:], later [dჳ] cg brycg [dჳ] dge bridge

[γ] G g boga, dragan [u] w bowe, drawen

[γ’] G g weg [i] wey

[χ’] H h niht gh night

[k] C c loc, cepan [k] K k, ck lock, keepe

[v] F f heofon [v] V v heaven

[θ], [ð] Þ, ð, Đ, þ Þer [θ], [ð] th there

[kw] cwen [kw] qu queen

[æ] þæt [a] A a that

[α:] wrat open [o:] O o wrote

[y] Y y, I i cyning [i], [e], [u] I i, E e, U u busi, king

Long vowels in the root (for instance [e:], [æ:], [i:], [o:]) gemetan, sae (sæ), tid, fot Close [e:], open [e:], [i:], close [o:] doubling or diagraphs, or final e meet, sea, tide, foot

[u:] U u ut [u:] ou out

[hw] hw hwæt [hw] wh what